John F. Kennedy s Strategy On Foreign Policy - 1275 Words

John F. Kennedy’s Strategy on US Foreign Policy Although John F. Kennedy’s record on foreign policy has received mixed reviews because of his all too short presidency, Kennedy’s approach or strategy on how to deal with international issues gave the United States of America options on foreign policy, both then and now. John Fitzgerald Kennedy was born to a rich and privileged family who was already a well politically connected family. The Kennedy’s fortune came from the stock market, entertainment, and other business ventures by Joseph â€Å"Joe† Kennedy who also served as ambassador to the United Kingdom during the start of World War II; Chairman of both the Security and Exchange Commission and the Federal Maritime Commission. His mother’s, Rose, father, John F. Fitzgerald served as Mayor of Boston and as a U.S. Congressman and his grandfather, a member of the Massachusetts State House and Senate. From this tradition of service, John F. Kennedy, although constantly sick, enlisted in the US Navy during World War II. While serving as a PT boat skipper, Kennedy’s boat was damaged by a Japanese destroyer. His leadership was seen when he safely led his crew from behind enemy lines. His heroism led to him be decorated twice. After the war, Kennedy worked as a reporter for the Hearst newspapers. Kennedy was both a bestselling author and Pulitzer Prize winner. Kennedy’s experiences and his desire to serve Boston’s working class caused him to run and win the U.S. Congress. AfterShow MoreRelatedJohn F. Kennedy s Record On Foreign Policy1304 Words   |  6 PagesAlthough John F. Kennedy’s record on foreign policy has received mixed reviews because of his all too short presidency, Kennedy’s approach or strategy on how to deal with international issues gave the United States of America options on foreign policy, both then and now. John Fitzgerald Kennedy was born to a rich and privileged family who was already a well politically connected family. The Kennedy’s fortune came from the stock market, entertainment, and other business ventures by Joseph â€Å"Joe† KennedyRead MoreThe Cuban Missile Crisis : A Detrimental Event1300 Words   |  6 Pages John F. Ke nnedy said at the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty in 1963 that, â€Å"It is insane that two men, sitting on opposite sides of the world, should be able to decide to bring an end to civilization.† (Kennedy, 1963). The Cuban missile crisis was a detrimental event in the course of history. On October 22nd, 1962, John F. Kennedy gave his Cuban missile crisis oval office address. Kennedy gave this speech to inform Americans about the nuclear missile sites that the Soviet Union established in theRead MoreContainment Strategies During The Cold War1084 Words   |  5 PagesPaul Gornati Tibbles / Schreiber English 6,7 / American Cultures 10 27 February 2017 Containment Strategies in the Cold War During the Cold War, communism was spreading.   The three presidents Truman, Eisenhower, and Kennedy needed a way to stop it from spreading.   All Three turned to the idea of containment.   Ayers, et al. defines containment as a Policy by George F. Kennan, that started in the late 1940’s and was created to stop the spread of communism by providing economic aid, and military aid toRead MoreThe 70s Are Not Totally Happy `` Days1667 Words   |  7 Pageswere indeed fabulous. Dwight Eisenhower was a president, he was also known as Ike. Ike was a famous war hero of this 1950s era. Nicknamed as he walked a middle road between two major parties. This was a technique, called Modern Republicanism. This strategy restrained Democrats from expanding the New Deal while stopping conservative Republicans from reversing popular programs such as Social Security. Correspondibly, no major reform actions emerged from a decade many would describe as politically deadRead MoreThe War Of The Civil Rights Movement1476 Words   |  6 Pagesof peace and love, equality for all, the ongoing war in Vietnam, and Nixon. Each decade after one another affected the next with foreign policy, domestic policy, politics, political leadership, the economy, and the social terms of each decade. In 1945-1953, Harry Truman was in office and his foreign policy philosophy was containment. Some main events of foreign policy while he was in office was the Potsdam Conference, the Marshall Plan, and NATO. The Potsdam conference was located in Germany, fromRead MoreKennedy Doctrine3116 Words   |  13 PagesThe Kennedy Doctrine refers to foreign policy initiatives of the 35th President of the United States, John Fitzgerald Kennedy, towards Latin America during his term in office between 1961 and 1963. Kennedy voiced support for the containment of Communism and the reversal of Communist progress in the Western Hemisphere. The Kennedy Doctrine was essentially an expansion of the foreign policy prerogatives of the previous administrations of Dwight D. Eisenhower and Harry S. Truman. The foreign policiesRead MoreWhy Did The Cold War Start And How Did It Develop Over Its First Three Decades?841 Words   |  4 Pages(Cold War History). Containment, first proposed by George Kennan in 1947, became the basic strategy of the United States throughout the Cold War. Kenna believed that if the United States stood firm on their resistance to Soviet expansion that it would eventually compel Moscow to adopt more peaceful policies. In 1946, in his famous â€Å"Long Telegram,† the diplomat George Kennan (1904-2005) explained this policy: The Soviet Union, he wrote, was â€Å"a political force committed fanatically to the belief thatRead MoreRichard Nixon and Supreme Court1634 Words   |  7 Pagesfirst learned of the American atomic bomb how? *through the use of espionage* 3. The Baruch Plan would do what? 4. George Kennans containment policy proposed what? *American vigilance regarding Soviet expansionist tendencies.* 5. George Kennan believed firmly that foreign policy should be left to whom? 6. The Truman Doctrine stated that American policy would be what? 7. The Marshall Plan proposed what? 8. Overall, did the Marshall Plan work? 9. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was a departureRead MoreThe Accomplishments Of John F. Kennedy1504 Words   |  7 PagesWhen John Fitzgerald Kennedy was inaugurated on Jan. 20, 1961, he became the youngest man ever elected as President of the United States, as well as the first Roman Catholic. With his combination of charm, good looks, and a youthful vitality, he inspired Americans to serve, saying, â€Å"Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country† (Olugbemiga). Although his presidency was brief, Kennedy established the Peace Corps, grew the space program, stood up to RussianRead MoreThe Legacy Of John F. Kennedy1480 Words   |  6 Pagesvice president had given him prominence and experience where communism was concerned.. Democrats, meanwhile, nominated the relatively unknown John F. Kennedy, a young but accomplished senator from Massachusetts who had served with distinction in World War II and had won a Pulitzer Prize for his 1956 book Profiles in Courage .At only forty-three years old, Kennedy exuded a youthful confidence that contrasted sharply with Nixon’s serious demeanor—a contrast that was plainly evident in the first-ever live

Cyber Surveillance And Cyber Security Monitoring - 1021 Words

â€Å"Cyber analytics is a branch of analytics that systematically provides the analysis of the data pertaining to the domain of computers and network. It basically, tells the story behind cyber data. Cyber analytics is used to support computer security, computer or network administration, auditing, and several other application areas.† Implementation Cyber Security Monitoring To perform adaptive cyber-security analytics using a computer implemented method that includes receiving a report on a network activity, It works as follows, a scoring method is used wherein a score responsive to the network activity is calculated. The score indicates a likelihood of security breach. This score is validated and the scoring model is automatically updated, responsive to the results of the validation. If the score falls within a threshold value of a security violation rule, the network activity is reported as suspicious. This basically relates generally to cyber-security monitoring, and more particularly to monitoring incoming security events to determine if any activity is violating security rules. Current approaches for cyber-security monitoring can be divided into two broad categories: †¢ Targeted event-based detection: 1. It involves the creation and maintenance of a set of event which are used to identify activities which are suspicious, which might violate security rules. Example: pattern-based antivirus engines and Network intrusion detection systems (NIDS) 2. It producesShow MoreRelatedSurveillance Program Unethical Use Of Computer1628 Words   |  7 Pagesunethical use of computer? There has been a case similar to that situation when the US government used national security surveillance programs for the intent to protect Americans from terrorism and cyber-attacks. These surveillance programs were initiated by NSA to spy on telecommunication data and the internet activities. However, these programs were created for the purpose of maintaining the security of people. These programs are effective tools to confront the terrorist threat that the government beenRead MoreCyber Security Is A Needed Profession Essay1123 Words   |  5 Pages Cyber Security is a needed profession that affects all different sizes of companies due to a wide variety of different types of threats like malicious codes like illegal young adult content, malware, and spyware to computer viruses. Malware can be very serious that they have the ability to easily erase the whole entire computer to non dangerous easy fix like email viruses. We need cyber security to stop the numbers of threats around the world. There have been unprecedented rise in cyber attacksRead MoreRyan Khaghani. Mr. Schaefer . Honors English 10B, Period857 Words   |  4 PagesRyan Khaghani Mr. Schaefer Honors English 10B, Period 8 6 March 2017 Security Versus Privacy The Internet was first used in the nineteen sixties by a small group of technology professionals. Since then the internet has become an essential part of today’s world, from communicating through texts and emails to banking, studying, and shopping, the internet has touched every aspect of our lives. With the growing use of the internet, protecting important information has become a must. While some believeRead MorePrivacy Infringement by Surveillance Technology1042 Words   |  5 Pagesactivities in the world, the nations have felt to strengthen the national security using the latest technology trends; so, have lead to the development of the CCTV’s cameras and with the changing technology trends, the government has started to store the public database and the other activities through internet i.e. the government is trying to switch over e-governance. But inspite of such development and advancement, the surveillance technology is in the controversy of infringement of the individual’sRead MoreSupply Chain Management And Logistics, Selma. As One Of1240 Words   |  5 PagesSupply Chain Management and Logistics, Selma As one of the world’s leading security company, Northrop Grumman is striving to keep up with its fast-growing scope. One of Northrop’s main secrets in providing top notch capability and cost efficiency to its customers is making their supply chain management and logistics the company’s priority. Northrop has three large different supply chains concentrating on aerospace systems, mission systems and technology services. Aerospace Systems The mission ofRead MoreThe Great Debate : Privacy Vs National Security1055 Words   |  5 PagesMichael Haggerty Mrs. Gallos English III Honors 18 April 2016 The Great Debate: Privacy vs National Security In the digital age, the citizens of the United States are torn between which they value more: privacy or national security. On one hand, the people need to be safe from cyber attacks and terrorism, while on the other, the government should be aware of the privacy of the people it governs. The government should not go so far in protecting the country that it interferes with the personal livesRead MoreCyber Incident Response Plan For Cyber Attack1136 Words   |  5 Pagesattack. We should write a well-developed cyber incident response plan that includes all the protocols to responses. Our plan should generally have these following components, such as response team, reporting, initial response, investigation, recovery and follow up, public relations, and law enforcement. The job of the response team is to develop cyber incident response plan and for investing and responding to cyber attack. They will identify and classify cyber attack sceneries, and figuring out whatRead MoreThe Cyb er Warfare Struggle Of The Technological Era1744 Words   |  7 Pages20 January 2014 The Cyber Warfare Struggle The widespread lack of trust that arose during the rise of the technological era was seen as mere paranoia. As the computer age advanced, this distrust decreased as more and more people became reliant upon computers and cell phones whether at work or at home. Along with this increase in reliance on technology came the increase in security and monitoring by the federal government. Mostly by the National Security Agency, this monitoring was very modest andRead MoreCyber Attacks On Maritime Targets1468 Words   |  6 PagesThe frequency and severity of cyber-attacks on maritime targets increases every year. Often the damage is not discovered until years later. The cyber-attack on the port of Antwerp began in 2011 and continued until it was discovered in 2013. The Danish Maritime Authority was attacked in 2012 by a virus contained in a PDF (portable document format by Adobe). The virus spread throughout the Maritime Authority’s network and into Danish government institutio ns before it was discovered in 2014. ReasonsRead MoreEthical Issues Of The Park Area 6828 Words   |  4 Pagesnot disclose the secrets of the organization because the intruder/competitor can use it for their personal benefit. Stakeholders: CEO, Employees †¢ Security is the most important for the park there should be impenetrable security for the organization network because there are issues like cyber-attacks, Virus and Data Theft and loss. Stakeholders: Security Officials and Employees. †¢ The hackers if they enter into the park organization network they can steal the information of the visitors and employees

Satire, humor and irony Free Essays

In the Atwood’s short story, there are two speakers. One is trying to write a story while the other gives his opinion or views on the words that the former is using for his story. Their conversation centers on the mistakes or errors in the writer’s choice of words. We will write a custom essay sample on Satire, humor and irony or any similar topic only for you Order Now The poems in the readings show that irony and satire need to be humorous at all times. Shakespeare’s poems did not contain humor. He only made use of irony in writing his pieces most particularly the poem, â€Å"My mistress’ eyes are nothing like the son. ’ On the other hand, Kennedy’s poem, â€Å"A Visit from St. Sigmund Freud,† is satirical but not entirely humorous for it talks about a very serious matter. In talking about Freud and Santa Claus, Kennedy did not utilize humor. His writing took on a serious tone just like Shakespeare did for his poem. The plays of Seinfeld and Leguizamo are very appropriate as readings for humor, irony, and satire for the writers of the said plays wrote them for the purpose of entertaining the readers. The goal of the said plays was to invoke laughter. They were meant to be humorous. They are clear examples of how humor is taken as the theme of literature. How to cite Satire, humor and irony, Papers

Operational Management Hawkesbury Cabinets Pty Ltd

Question: Discuss about the Operational Management for Hawkesbury Cabinets Pty Ltd. Answer: Introduction: Hawkesbury cabinets Pty Ltd. is managed jointly by siblings Fung and Mei Chen, in which the former have the expertise of being a master cabinet maker and that Fung has the expertise in interior designing. The company have two main modes of a production system that holds the business line up and maintains the profit margin of the company. In one product type, the company take custom orders and design the kitchen cabinets based on the customers preference and design requirement. Another set of product is mainly prepared for spec builders which are denoted as a standardised product line. These kitchen cabinets have fixed design with a range of high quality. Though the company aimed to fulfil the requirement of the Chinese community in Hawkesbury, but the spec builder might be involved in supplying standardised kitchen cabinets to a customer of another cultural segment. The production system of Hawkesbury cabinets Pty Ltd. is managed by a single manufacturing unit located in Mulgrave region, in which both the mentioned product lines are manufactured. This unit contains high quality, expensive, and efficient machines that are functional for general purpose production operation. The factory space also contains varieties of tools and machines that are placed in particular work or section. The operational procedures related to painting and finishing are done in the environmentally controlled region which is functional towards the rear section of the unit (Alkaya Demirer, 2014). In general, the employees and craftspeople are common who are involved in both custom and standardised products. The finished products are placed in high esteem and that completion of orders in time is a prime objective of manufacturing unit. The above-mentioned details of the production system are traditional and was evidenced since the initial days of the company. In the present time, there is an increased demand for products that in turn is responsible for increased work pressure for the production unit. Ever since, with increased order demand, the corresponding pressure on craftspeople and other employees have been raised (Appelbaum, 2013). Likewise, the operating time of machines and equipment is also becoming a critical consideration to segment the time of production for custom and standardised products. This lead to increase in the inventory and warehouse volume. Additionally, owing to increased product demand, many of the raw material, intermediate products, and pre-finished products are also stored in the workplace, leading to a clogged condition of the unit (Nguyen, 2014). Overall, these situation leads to pushing of the manufacturing capacity to its limit that in turn impact the overall business procedure. Brief of the problem: At Hawkesbury cabinets Pty Ltd., the principal strength lies in the expert designing and cabinet making that in turn resulted in market popularity. The corresponding impact of this market attractiveness is further reflective of increased production demand of the kitchen cabinet products. On the other hand, Hawkesbury cabinets are facing significant issue related to meeting the demand of the market. Detailed explanation: Hawkesbury cabinets is involved in the production of both custom and standardised products to the market. The former product type is more important for the company as it makes the maximum profit margin. On the other hand, standardised products offer less profit margin, but the sales are increasing in a steady manner with time. It is the contract system, under which the company needs to supplement the products to the spec builder. As a result of increased burden on the production unit, the company fails to manage the timeliness of finished product supply (Mohamed, 2015). This problem is associated with product types, as because the equipment and the workforce involved in the production are common to both custom and standardised. Another issue that is also associated with the problem is an accumulation of raw materials, intermediate processed products, and semi-furnished products, within the space of production unit (Nguyen, 2014). Highlights of the problem: With the above-mentioned explanation, it can be realised that increased work pressure and a shortage of space is the key problem. The mentioned problems can be highlighted as: The increase in work pressure leads to increasing time investment by craftspeople and operating time of the machine. Shortage of space leads to clinginess in the warehouse, inventory and related space within the production unit. Profit margin is not equally distributed, which is reflective of active production engagement in standardised products despite low margin profit (Tan Karabati, 2013). Money investment becomes a concern especially in a situation where the finished product flow is delayed. The overall managerial issue appears in managing the increased production demand and maintaining the timeliness of finished product supply (Mohamed, 2015). The impact of this situation: The key impact of increased demand is reflective over the production unit. Custom products must be given preference, whereas owing to growing demand for standardised products, the intermediate parts and pre-furnished products are getting accumulated (Tan Karabati, 2013). Furthermore, this leads to delay in supplementing the finished products to market. The most critical impact of this situation could be on dissatisfaction and maintaining the commitment by Hawkesbury cabinets to its customers (Venkatesh, Rathi, Patwa, 2015). It is certainly true that the problem that is existing in the production unit, owing to increased supply demand, will have an adverse impact on the overall financial structure of the company. The prime move is determinant between the custom and standardised products, which further leads to improvement distribution of profit margin. For instance, custom products offer more profit margin, thus company must give preference to these commodities (Chen, Delmas, Lieberman, 2015). On the other hand, there is a stringy supply system associated with standardised products, because of which company need to maintain the production under the contract system. Note that company need to continue the production of the standardised product because of the contract system despite its low-profit margin (Shi Yu, 2013). Importantly, the cost associated with standardised product generation is also reported to be increased which leads to further reduction of the profit margin. Ultimately this situation lead s to delay in the custom product that in turn might result in (i) increased customer dissatisfaction; (ii) negative impact on the market image; (iii) increased negative pressure on production flow (Mohamed, 2015). Overall, this issue has a significant impact on the financial structure, because of following reason (Schmidt Nakajima, 2013): Custom product delay results in a reduction of future orders. Delay in standardised pressure leads to complicacy in the distribution structure of these products. Accumulation of raw material, intermediate products, and pre-furnished products leads to delay in the financial transaction or holding of money. Increased product or material accumulation is responsible for taking new rent for warehouse storage. This results in addition cost for the company. The financial disturbance to the production flow is also attributed to trapping of invested money in the form of raw material as well as intermediate products. Prior to this situation, the company use to maintain the timeliness of the product supply flow. As a result of this, product distribution and monetary transaction used to be regularly maintained. In contrast, the present situation leads to delay in the furnished products which lead to trapping of money in the various stages of the production system (Shi Yu, 2013). Likewise, for the storage of these products, the company also need to take another warehouse on rent, which in turn adds to more cost of production. Other issues that can be associated with this situation is increased frustration among employees for increased work pressure. Likewise, there is no evidence of giving financial motivation to the employees such that work procedure can be managed (Schmidt Nakajima, 2013). Overall, lack of such motivational strategies can lead to a decrease in managerial efficiency across the company. References: Alkaya, E., Demirer, G. N. (2014). Improving resource efficiency in surface coating/painting industry: practical experiences from a small-sized enterprise. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 16(8), 1565-1575. Appelbaum, E. (2013). The impact of new forms of work organization on workers. Work and Employment in the High Performance Workplace, 120. Chen, C. M., Delmas, M. A., Lieberman, M. B. (2015). Production frontier methodologies and efficiency as a performance measure in strategic management research. Strategic Management Journal, 36(1), 19-36. Mohamed, A. A. M. (2015). Lead-Time Estimation Approach Using the Process Capability Index. International Journal of Supply Chain Management, 4(3). Nguyen, P. V. (2014). Lean ManufacturingImplementation and Benefit in Production Activities. Available at SSRN 2555428. Schmidt, M., Nakajima, M. (2013). Material flow cost accounting as an approach to improve resource efficiency in manufacturing companies. Resources, 2(3), 358-369. Shi, M., Yu, W. (2013). Supply chain management and financial performance: literature review and future directions. International Journal of Operations Production Management, 33(10), 1283-1317. Tan, B., Karabati, S. (2013). Retail inventory management with stock-out based dynamic demand substitution. International Journal of Production Economics, 145(1), 78-87. Venkatesh, V. G., Rathi, S., Patwa, S. (2015). Analysis on supply chain risks in Indian apparel retail chains and proposal of risk prioritization model using Interpretive structural modeling. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 26, 153-167.

Aple Inc. And Starbucks Corporation Essay Example

Aple Inc. And Starbucks Corporation Essay Example Aple Inc. And Starbucks Corporation Essay Aple Inc. And Starbucks Corporation Essay Essay Topic: A Modest Proposal and Other Stories Recognition The undertaking of such magnitude can non be accomplished without the aid and co-operation of several people. Exchange of thought generates a new object to work in a better manner. So. whenever a individual is helped and co-operation by others. His bosom is bound to pay gratitude and is non merely formalities but an look of deep sense of gratitude and cumulative grasp. First of wholly. We wish to show our deep sense of gratitude to our modules Prof. Sanjay Srivastava and Mr. Rajan Arora who taught us such an interesting and rationally sound topic named B2B Marketing and besides provided us such a immense acquisition chance of doing this undertaking study. We would besides wish to thank our several wise mans whose support and counsel along with timely advice has helped us to finish this undertaking study. At least. we can non bury to show our great-fullness to our parents every bit good as our friends for supplying us competitory frame work. Contentss of the Report Executive Summary Apple Inc: A SWOT Analysis Situational Analysis Business Customer: Starbucks Corporation End User Insight into Demand Competition Analysis Dell Hewlett Packer IBM Environmental Climate Recommendations Mission Statement Marketing Aims Merchandise Scheme Pricing Scheme Distribution Scheme Promotional Strategy Fiscal Analysis Cash Escapes Break Even Analysis Cost per Customer Executive Summary Apple. Inc. was incorporated on January 3. 1977 with the mission to industry and design quality personal computing machines and package. Apple creates and markets personal computing machines and portable digital music participants every bit good as accoutrements and services. Apples merchandises and services include the Macintosh ® line of desktops and portable computing machines. the Mac OSX ® runing system. the iPod ® line of portable digital music participants. the iTunes Store ® . every bit good as a portfolio of peripherals that support the computing machine and mp3 participant merchandise lines. Apple sells to assorted markets including consumers. originative professionals. authorities and concern clients. Apples concern scheme leverages its alone ability to plan and develop its ain operating system. hardware. application package. and services to supply clients new merchandises and solutions with superior ease-of-use. seamless integrating. and advanced industrial design . 1 As the market for personal computing machines grows each twelvemonth. Apple seeks to capitalise on this growing by beef uping its bridgehead in the industry. In order to carry through this. Apple has recognized a demand to leverage their trade name in defence of intense competition in the market. In recent old ages. there has been a diminution in Apples market portion in computing machine merchandises. In order to stay competitory and pull more consumers. Apple has to happen other advanced avenues to increase their market portion and increase exposure to aim audiences. More specifically. Apple must happen new possible clients and present them to Apple merchandises through alone promotional methods and channels. Apple must accommodate to altering client demands by prosecuting more closely with their mark market. Apple has determined a manner to carry through this via an confederation with Starbucks. The proposed program is to put up assorted Internet work Stationss within assorted Starbucks locations across the shops in India. The program is predicated on two basic rules. the turning tendency for wireless Internet Stationss. and the high potency within the java industry to tap into client sections. The Stationss have been competently dubbed. iStations. The principle behind working with Starbucks is that they portion some of the cardinal ends and qualities that would do the relationship rather synergistic. Above all. both companies portion some of the same clients. who have similar attitudes. values and beliefs. Apple Inc: A SWOT Analysis Strengths Failing Brand Image Invention and creativeness Fosters trade name equity Its strong trade name image allows the company to bear down premium monetary values for their merchandises Wide Product Mix Allows Apple to come in different sections and markets ; reassigning trade name equity Popularity Amongst the Younger Sections Highly recognized by the younger section ; top of the head consciousness Strong Financial Performance Cash flows indicate strong fiscal wellness. therefore assisting cut downing the hazard of new merchandise ventures Incompatibility with different OS. The Io and OS X are rather different from other OS and uses package that is unlike the package used in Microsoft OS. Due to such differences. both in package and hardware. users frequently choose to remain with their accustomed package and hardware ( Microsoft OS and Intel hardware ) . Decreasing market portion. The less market portion Apple has. the less it can act upon its possible clients and carry them to leap into utilizing Apple’s closed ecosystem merchandises. Patent violations. The house is frequently accused of conflicting other companies’ patents and has even lost some tests. This amendss Apple trade name and its fiscal state of affairs. Menaces Opportunities Intense Competition A batch of rivals seeking to mime Apples success. They may be inclined to copy approaching Apple investings and partnerships. Commoditization of PCs4 Demand for branded Personal computers is diminishing as standardisation reduces the quality difference between branded and unbranded Personal computers and constituents. As a consequence. it is going harder for the company to successfully distinguish its merchandises from houses that produce unbranded goods. Commoditization of Personal computers threatens trade name image Competitors’ moves in on-line music market. Apple faces menace from on-line music shops. such as Amazon. Wal-Mart and on-line music subscription companies. such as Spottily. Widening Merchandise Offer Radio industry has taken off in recent old ages. as more and more people adapt to wireless engineerings. giving rise to chances in new merchandise development. Entry into New Sections To increase market portion of PCs. Apple needs to look towards bigger and sustainable markets. High demand of iPad mini and iPhone 5. iPad mini gross revenues will increase Apple’s market portion in the tablet market and. will beef up firm’s competitory advantage. iTV launch. iTV launch will back up Apple Television gross revenues and the products’ ecosystem Increasing demand for cloud based services. Apple could spread out its scope of iCloud services and package as the demand for cloud-based services is spread outing. S I T U A T I O N A L A N A L Y S I S Starbucks Customer Profile This program is directed towards a individual concern client. Starbucks. The undermentioned treatment outlines the strategic principle behind why Starbucks should see the proposition ; that is how can Apple profit Starbucks. 1. Business Customer Profile: Starbucks Starbucks Corporation. Starbucks. is a taking forte java retail merchant in both the North American and many other International markets. It has been received good in India with its 18 mercantile establishments in New Delhi and Mumbai. Existing in India as a Joint Venture with TATA. Starbucks has seen strong growing in the Indian market and purposes to spread out its list of mercantile establishments across other metropoliss. They produce and sell a broad assortment of hot and cold drinks and Sweets through its 18 locations in India. To accomplish success. the company uses its strong trade name image to increase distinguish its offerings and craft a solid competitory place. Strengths Opportunities Brand Image Starbucks has built an first-class planetary repute based on the quality of its merchandises and for its bringing of a systematically positive consumer experience. Starbucks is an Experience. non merely a java retail merchant. Financially Strong Starbucks has reported consistent gross growing over the last three old ages in India. This is important because it provides the company with a strong fiscal base and enables it to set about new concern ventures. Expansion Starbucks mantra is to be ?everywhere. The company intends to open 100 shops by the terminal of 2014 in India. This allows for first-class market coverage. The companys widespread presence provides it with trade name acknowledgment and a strong client base. Clustering of company units With the continued growing of the java market. the company has looked to spread out its concern. including those countries where it has an established presence. Working on the footing that a cardinal driver of concern is the convenience of the companys mercantile establishment locations in the North American markets. Starbucks aims to aim constellating its units so as to rule peculiar countries in India. Entry into new markets As portion of its scheme to increase its world-wide presence. Starbucks has late opened shops in several new states. This would supply the company with new chances for gross growing. New shops Starbucks opened 15 new company-operated shops during 2011. Growth in java market India’s domestic java ingestion is set to enter a modest growing rate of 9 % at 1. 2 million bags ( 72. 000 metric tons ) during the twelvemonth 2013-14 compared to 1. 1 million bags ( 66. 000 metric tons ) last twelvemonth. Harmonizing to United States Department of Agriculture ( USDA ) . the ingestion in India has been vibrating about 1. 2 million bags for the past five old ages. It had slipped to 1. 1 million bags in 2012-13. the USDA said in its latest study on Coffee: World Markets and Trade . Failings Menaces Reliance on trade name Success depends extremely on the value of the Starbucks trade name. Therefore. they must pay important attending to the manner their actions may impact trade name equity. Reliance on drink invention Historically. Starbucks store gross revenues growing has been dominated beverage invention ; but how sustainable is this? Problems in some international operations The company has been confronting certain troubles in some of its international operations and enlargements. They have faced several failures across the seas. Competition Face intense competition from a broad scope of sectors: eating houses. java stores. etc. from Barista. Cafe Coffee twenty-four hours. Costa Coffee. etc. Currently Cafe Coffee Day holds a major interest in the Indian Coffee drink market. Saturated markets in the developed economic systems The company faces long-run concerns sing its International shop growing potency. If current growing continues. impregnation degrees within the North American retail division will be reached within five old ages. Cardinal Insight: 1. Reliance on Beverage Innovation 2. Problems in International Operations 3. Intense Competition A strategic confederation with Apple Inc can assist diversify the service options that end-users may happen at specific Starbucks locations. This will assist: 1. Switch trust from drinks onto a wider range of services 2. Help stimulate demand in a concentrated market ; peculiarly of import given international issues 3. Help them better place themselves against rivals 2. End-Users The following tabular array lineations both the end-users from Apples and Starbucks position. The intent of such a comparing is to demo that both companies are aiming a similar mark audience. Therefore showing an confederation between two can heighten their attempts in pacifying to this mark audiences demand. Starbucks Consumers Apple Consumers Starbucks holds around 33 per centum of the market portion for java in the U. S. It sells about as much java as do fast nutrient and convenience shops combined. even though it the majority of its consumers are in metropoliss or upscale suburban countries. Starbucks has been able to derive such a big portion of the market by providing specifically to a chiseled mark audience. Starbucks has besides become a centre for socialising and rational treatment. peculiarly among pupils and immature urban professionals. Starbucks created a ?unique offering that was relevant and differentiated. It turned an ordinary and low merchandise into an extraordinary experience that clients are willing to encompass. Starbucks has focused on the ?experience? around the ingestion of java. Its stigmatization scheme consists of java. service. and atmosphere. ?People semen for the java. but the atmosphere is what makes them desire to stay? Apple users are more likely than Personal computer users to hold a higher household income. have received a alumnus grade and be freelance. Apple clients are loyal. have great passion and are really vocal. ?In Apple’s 30 old ages of concern. they have formed a tight-knit. alone community. Some have stated that they’re likely the largest subculture – non merely are they consumers of Apple merchandises. but gross revenues people every bit good. Now that Apple has introduced the ?Apple Store . these communities are able to portion and bask all of their favourite apple merchandises. farther encompassing and advancing the Apple civilization. Approximately 50 % of Apple clients plan to purchase another Apple computing machine. This demonstrates consumers strong trade name trueness and future committedness to Apple. Starbucks began offering wireless Internet entree in its international mercantile establishments to heighten the experience for pupils. concern travellers. and web surfboarders who take advantage of this service while sipping their favourite java. Starbucks is committed to selling the experience while carry oning its concern in ways that ?produce societal. environmental and economic benefits for communities in which it does concern. Starbucks besides began to sell music Cadmiums in its java stores because the ?number one inquiry from their clients is. `What is that vocal playing? Starbucks has created a retail environment where people come in and pay attending to what is traveling on around them. instead than merely seeking to acquire in and out with their java. Schultz ( Chairman ) sees a Starbucks shop as the third place in a person’s life - after place and work. Peoples come to Starbucks to acquire off from the noise. and we have to handle it like a sacred environment. Today. the trade name stands for ?cool. hip. and up-to-date merchandises that gaining control people’s imaginativeness. Steve Jobs ( CEO ) had a genius for the dramatic. and besides captured people’s imaginativeness. Consumers buy Apple merchandises because of the personal association with the latter factors. and a ( leader ) CEO that many see their God. [ Cult-like behaviour ] Many people tend to observe that it is difficult to acquire people to travel to a Mac. but one time they do they be given to remain. Drumhead As demonstrated above. both Starbucks and Apple focal point on similar mark audiences. We have learned that these consumers are loyal. passionate. active ( both in shop and out ) . and see the several trade name as their ain. Each consumer group enjoys the environment and atmosphere they frequent ( both at Starbucks java houses and Apple retail shops ) . and position it as a 3rd topographic point ( Starbucks ) where they can get away when non at work or place. Both Apple and Starbucks consumers feel that they are portion of a privileged and sole cultural group that extends beyond the merchandises available for sale. Many treatment boards and web sites have been developed by consumer fiends to farther spread out each civilization. These consumers have become the enviousness of rival-marketers. as they non merely back up the trade name. but assistance in selling the merchandises through assorted mediums. Within the forte drink industry. there are three predominating tendencies that exi st: sensory. wellness. and convenience. These three tendencies are the impulsive forces of client penchant. Based on the proposed iStation. for both Starbucks and Apple centripetal bringing is an of import value to their clients. Each company offers alone and sole merchandises that allow clients to hold a higher value perceptual experience and even pay more for it. When devouring Starbucks gourmet java drinks. clients may experience particular or exclusive- similar to Apple clients. This suggests that these elicited sensory feelings are cardinal to the trade name value that is communicated by both Starbucks and Apple. Consumer Tendencies: Wireless Technology and Coffee Shops There is an increased tendency of wireless engineering in constitutions such as airdromes. hotels and java stores. Offering free radio engineering has proven to be a success factor for constitutions such as java stores. Wireless engineering has increased the communicating between household. friends and co-workers. This addition in communicating engineering would supply an chance for Starbucks. From this. the Apple iStation will move as an added benefit for Starbucks. Decisions For Starbucks. the demands of the younger client section have been altering. In order to fulfill these demands. it is important for Starbucks to present value in an advanced manner. In kernel. the clients of Starbucks portion the same attitudes and are demographically kindred to Apple users. Understanding the behaviours and attitudes is cardinal cognition for Apple to find how to increase the satisfaction of this client section. By implementing the iStations in Starbucks. it can potentially increase their lifetime value and keeping for Starbucks. The growing in ingestion of persons between the ages of 18-24 indicates much chance. Within the java industry. Starbucks is the leader in forte drinks. For this ground. Apple should take Starbucks as a strategic spouse is because of Starbucks place as a leader in the java industry. The principle behind this strategic confederation is that it can potentially pull more clients for Starbucks and. in bend. opens up another promotional locale for Apple. For bing Apple users. iStations will be able to construct on their trade name trueness to Apple. In add-on. by implementing iStations in Starbucks shops. non-existing prospective Apple clients will be given the chance to try Apple devices. leting them to see the maps of Apples merchandises. and perchance luring them to purchase Apples merchandises. Potential Market Reach: How Many Peoples can Starbucks aid Apple Reach? At this point it is difficult to quantify demand for a merchandise that is presently non being asked for. However. to convey about some sort of empirical principle. we can seek to find how many people within our focal audience may be reached if such a undertaking is undertaken. Population of Indian Cities where we intend to establish the iStation. City Population within Age Group of Interest New Delhi 16. 75 million Bombay 18. 41 million Bangalore 8. 426 million Sum 43. 586 million people Potential range could change given: a ) The truth of the estimations given above ; B ) The choice of metropoliss to establish the undertaking ; degree Celsius ) The spillover consequence onto people who arent within the mark audience. Buying Behavior From the position of Starbucks. the purchase of the iStation would stand for a new-buy as it represents a merchandise class they are non presently involved in. This allows us to deduce the followers: 1. Given Starbucks involvement in the undertaking. they would non hold an elicited set of providers. Therefore. it gives Apple purchase in successfully marketing themselves for the trade. 2. The value proposition. as to why this undertaking will increase value to Starbucks terminal users. becomes highly of import as it is out of their current kingdom of minutess. 3. The undermentioned chart shows the elements involved in the choice procedure. from the buyers perspective. Decision Process Phase Managerial Deduction Recognition of Needs Make their end-users want this option within Starbucks locations? If so. the demand does be and should be considered. Development of Specifications If actions are taken to fulfill this demand. what exact demands do end-users desire. and does Starbucks have the resources available to run into these demands? Search for Sources and Acquire Proposals Will Starbucks take this thought to open command. or will they cover entirely with a individual house? Evaluate Options Which provider provides the best organisational tantrum with Starbucks? Choice of Order Routine Use a partnership/preferred provider doctrine. or take an adversarial attack? Feedback and Evaluation Test end-users satisfaction from the implemented undertaking. Besides. measure the provider relationship ; did they remain true to their promises? The undermentioned selling deductions are from the seller’s. Apple’s position: Personal Selling: To get down a relationship between the two organisations. Face-to-face meetings will assist ease a joint-vision. Promotion and Ad: Presentations on how the iStation will work will assist Starbucks envision the undertaking. Detailss and instruction information that will assist steer the determination. These tools should sketch the benefits Starbucks should anticipate from come ining into an confederation. The promotional subdivision on page 21 will cover the buying agents involved by both parties. However. the premise is that both houses will use cross-functional squads to manage the trade. C O M P E T I T I O N Even though Apple Inc. aims at a niche market. it is still found in the thick of a competitory engineering industry market. The undermentioned expressions at three major rivals: Dell. IBM and HP. The focal point of this analysis is to understand their corporate vision and see what marketing inducements they are presently set abouting. As such. our focal point is on generic market competition DELL INC. Established in 1984. Dell is one of the world’s largest providers of personal computing machines and related merchandises. It is besides a taking participant in the US and worldwide for notebook computing machine cargos. Despite withdrawing market portion to Hewlett-Packard Company in the recent yesteryear. in an industry plagued with intense competition. Dell continues to hold a strong market place in the computing machine hardware section. Its HQ is located in Round Rock. Texas. Merchandise Offer Dell designs. develops. industries. markets. sells and supports information engineering systems and services. The company sells to a diverse group of people. Merchandises are sold straight to big corporate. authorities. health care. and instruction clients every bit good as small-to-medium concerns and single consumers. 1 ) Dell offers its merchandises in six classs: 2 ) Desktop computing machines: there are three chief types of which each are directed towards a specific section 3 ) Optiplex: intuitional. authorities. concern Dimension: little concern XPS: amusement demand of single clients 1. mobility merchandises: MP3 participants. handhelds and notebook computing machines 2. package and peripherals: pressmans. computing machine shows. assorted package. notebook accoutrements. networking and radio merchandises. digital cameras. power arrangers. and scanners 3. waiters and networking merchandises 4. storage merchandises: tape backup merchandises. direct affiliated storage. web affiliated storage and storage country webs Pricing Dell has been a pricing leader and is contending to recover market portion. But there are strong signals that the company will non give border in the channel to win that market portion back. In its most recent one-fourth. Dell reported an addition in merchandise borders specifically because it opted to diminish gross revenues of lower-margin merchandises. Even though Dell now is selling low-cost desktops. the commercial section is a different portion of Dell’s scheme. doing a monetary value war improbable. Promotion Dell is traveling focus onto its client service quality in hopes to raise its service degrees. The company’s mark on the Indian Customer Satisfaction Index ( ICSI ) indicates range for bettering its client service farther. The company’s ISCI score improved from 74 in 2005 to 78 in 2006. but still below that of Apple ( 83 in 2006 ) and its ain tonss of 80 in 2000 and 79 in 2004. 37 37 Marketline. Dell has been altering their promotional scheme. Traditionally Dells promotional scheme focused on monetary value or Personal computer characteristics. Their new promotional way is headed by the tagline Yours Is Here. It late launched a line of laptops in a scope of colourss ; nevertheless the company has non been able to bring forth laptops in some of the colourss clients want most. The concluding behind this alteration in promotional way is ?If we use colour and the merriment factor. it offers a whole different value proposition. Print versions are looking on locales including coachs. metro postings. and taxi tops. which Dell hasn’t used antecedently. Interestingly plenty. Dell’s new selling. while colorful. has a ?me-too? feel that simply mimics schemes of rivals. peculiarly Apple. Distribution Dell has traditionally sold its merchandises straight to consumers. hence extinguishing jobbers and retail merchants. Their direct concern theoretical account avoided outgos associated with retail such as stock list carrying costs. obsolescence associated with engineering merchandises. and retail mark-ups. It was this concern that made Dell the industry monetary value leader. Furthermore. the theoretical account yielded a competitory advantage as it allowed Dell to present the latest relevant engineering much more rapidly than companies with slow-moving. indirect distribution channels. However. after 23 old ages. Dell has departed from this theoretical account and has begun retailing its merchandises through IT Companies In an international context. while opening up to retail merchants. Dell is besides trying to better profitableness by using their client base into turning abroad markets like China. To further this. they have besides begun to travel concern operations to these market s. HEWLETT-PACKARD Company Established in 1939. Hewlett-Packard Company ( HP ) is a supplier of personal computer science and other entree devices. engineerings. solutions and services to single consumers. little and moderate-sized concerns ( SMBs ) and big endeavors. Few of Hewlett-Packards merchandises compete on a direct merchandise market with Apple. specifically its consumer computing machines and workstation goods. This puts HP in a narrow class arrangement with Apple. nevertheless this specific merchandise group takes much of both the companys R A ; D. selling and gross revenues distribution making much attending and dedication towards forcing these merchandises onto their merchandise market. Its HQ is located in Palo Alto. California. Merchandise Offer Hewlett-Packard is a supplier of personal computer science. electronic entree devices. engineerings. package. services. solutions and a broad array of electronic merchandises worldwide: HP is divided into seven sections. 1. Enterprise storage and waiters ( ESS ) : provides storage and waiter merchandises for endeavors and SMB markets. 2. HP Services: provides multi-vendor IT services. including engineering services. confer withing and integrating services. and managed services. 3. Software solutions: aid endeavors to pull off their IT substructure. operations. applications. IT services and concern procedures. 4. Personal Systems Group ( PSG ) : provides commercial and consumer Personal computers. workstations. handheld calculating devices. digital amusement systems. reckoners. and other related accoutrements. package and services 5. Imaging and Printing Group ( IPG ) : section offers inkjet pressmans. digital picture taking and amusement devices. optical maser jet pressmans. artworks and imaging devices. and pressman supplies. 6. HP fiscal services: assist the clients in geting IT solutions. including hardware package and services 7. Corporate Investings: includes Hewlett- Packard Laboratories ( HP L abs ) . and other concern incubation undertakings. Pricing Production costs for HP are set to 12. 7 % of its grosss in 2002. 2 The figures show that bring forthing HP merchandises and service cost a twelfth of what the company makes. which gives it much room for purchase in raising its promotional and distribution costs. It is of import to hold this purchase since much of the high-technical companies need thorough resources in its research and development sections to remain in par or in front with its closest rivals. Distribution Hewlett-Packard has more than 750 outsourcing clients worldwide which are served from 20 planetary operations direction centres in the United States. Europe. Latin America and Asia-Pacific. Promotion Hewlett-Packard has high trade name equity. which is built by its strong promotional and selling runs. As portion of their promotional tactics. HP uses a broad scope of high-profile personalities to pull consumers. The cardinal property advertised in HP advertisement is invention and is carried through all merchandise lines. With regard to aiming to little concerns. they tend to concentrate on how HP merchandises have helped enterprisers in successful ventures. IBM CORPORATION Established in 1924. International Business Machines Corporations ( IBM ) is the worlds largest information engineering company. engaged in supplying concern. engineering and consulting services. They develop. industry and sell hardware and package and offer audience for large and little companies. Its HQ is located in Armonk. New York. Merchandise Offer The company concern operations offer a scope of services and engineerings which includes. hardware. package. funding. research and bit engineerings. They presently operate in the undermentioned six sectors. 1. The fiscal services include banking. fiscal markets and insurance. 2. The public sector includes instruction. authorities. health care and life scientific disciplines. 3. The industrial sector includes aerospace. automotive. defence. chemical and crude oil. electronics. 4. The distribution sector comprises of consumer merchandises. retail. travel. transit. 5. The communications sector comprises telecommunications. media and amusement. energy and public-service corporations 6. Small and medium concern dwelling of companies with less than 1. 000 employees. Pricing IBM has decided non to vie on monetary value with companies like Microsoft or Dell. IBM has decided to establish their pricing on value integrating stating ?when clients buy a waiter they dont purchase a Dell. they buy a solution. The value is in the package. Promotion Presently IBM is the taking supplier of IT services. This prima place provides IBM with a positive trade name image and places the company in a competitory place. The companys investing in R A ; D puts the company at a technological advantage every bit good. What sets IBM apart from their rivals is the companys ability to introduce and supply globally incorporate solutions. In 2006 IBM launched their selling communications run subject ?What makes you special? . This run was rather successful as IBM was able to back up ease their clients invention plans. An illustration of how IBM is utilizing its advanced service capablenesss to better their clients client service issues. IBM is presenting new radio. self-service booths. with POS and look into out systems. One of the

Teenage Capital Punishment essays

Teenage Capital Punishment essays The U.S. Supreme Court will later this year hear a case that will use our scientific advantages to determine the outcome. Researchers are looking further into whether a teenager convicted of murder should receive capital punishment or not. J. Anthony Movshon, a neuroscientist from New York University, said [the] brain data [that we have collected] create [s] reasonable doubt that a teenager can be held culpable for a crime to the same extent that an adult is. The researchers believe that the delayed frontal-lobe maturation of teenagers may affect their ability to make long-term plans and control their impulses, which means that the teenagers convicted of murder may not be completely culpable for their crimes; their brain development (or lack of) may be also to blame. Although much evidence supports this theory, Kagan, a Harvard researcher, logically argues that if incomplete brains automatically reduce adolescents capacity to restrain their darker urges, we should be having Columbin e incidents every week. The researchers supporting the theory that teenagers shouldnt receive capital punishment for murders tested and found that most teenagers are unable to identify emotion from facial expression due to an undeveloped section of the brain called the amygdala. Due to the fact that the amygdala is not fully functional in most teenagers, they could also mistake some emotions for threats, which may drive them to murder. This article will directly affect juveniles convicted of murder, but may also change how society looks at the teenage brain. If the research done does end up being true, then society may see that teenagers are not just like adults, but not because of hormones, because of their underdeveloped brain. In this article, this issue is addressed as a life-or-death problem, which is true because whatever the Supreme Court decides could determine whether some teenagers live or die. I liked ...

The Colonial southeast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5750 words

The Colonial southeast - Essay Example From this research it is clear that the Caddo’s inhibited in the southwest of the Arkansas and the surrounding areas of Texas, Louisiana, and Oklahoma from 1000 A.D to 1800 A.D. when they were visited and approached by the French and Spanish explorers; they were branched into three segments. The kadohadacho, right on the great bend of the red river, the Natchitoches in west Louisiana, and lastly the Hasinai in east Texas. The Caddo were native villagers and farmers, and their culture had a class system as part of their social structure. They lived in grass houses that were around fifteen feet tall and almost twenty to fifty feet in width or diameter. The houses of the tribe members were conical or doomed in shape that was framed with poles, and covered with a patch of grass thatch. On the territorial perspective, the Caddo’s inhibited isolated farms, small villages, and some larger villages. The economy of the Caddo’s was mainly inclined on the production of agri culture, maize, beans, watermelons, tobacco, pumpkins, and squash. Maize was the premier food material that was consumed by the communities of the Caddo’s. The Caddo’s were also very efficient in fishing, they practiced a traditional mode of fishing using trotlines, which symbolizes a fishing line loaded with baited hooks across streams. Caddo’s mainly inherited their maternal traits than the paternal ones. In the Caddo community, the Xinesi inherited a position of spiritual leadership, the Caddi, the inherited position of principal headman of a community. While the Xinesi were in charge of the communication with the supreme god and meditation, the caddi, were responsible for religious leadership, influencing decision making between villages, and to lead important rites, like the rights for harvesting and naming. Inspite of being in the medieval period, the Caddo’s maintained their community in a well organized government system. The Caddo’s been a lso involved in the trading of guns, fur and horses to Europeans and other Indian, by developing a trade and economic network (Texas history). Unlike the Caddo’s, the creeks were primarily called Muskogee’s. They are a powerful nation of Indians inhibiting the middle parts of Georgia, alongside the river mobile. The name creek Indians came from the fact that creeks and rivulets abounded in their country. The soil in the region is extremely fruitful, and the climate is also environment friendly. The creeks are cultivator of the soil; spirituous liquors are prohibited from entering the town of the creeks. By nature, creeks are faithful as friends, but also incorrigible as enemies, to strangers they provide the warmest welcome, and are thoroughly honest and fair in their dealings. The women of their tribe are significantly short in height, their hand and feet are no larger than those of nine or ten year old European girls. The body is well formed, the features are regular and beautiful, and the eyes are large, black, and languishing. Unlike the women of the tribe, the men in general are larger in size than the European. On the marital perspective, the mode of marrying is unique and traditional. The bridegroom takes a cane and fixes the same upright in the ground, and then the bride lays down another cane by the side of

The New Dress Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The New Dress - Essay Example Conformity is a condition of acceptance. A woman’s dress defines her position. Although Mabel is evidently intelligent and well-read, her entire sense of self-worth is centered entirely round her dress. Mabel gives great importance to the men’s opinion. She seeks assurance from Robert Haydon and Charles Burt. She admits that â€Å"If he had only said, â€Å"Mabel, youre looking charming to-night!† it would have changed her life† (6). The men are not defined by their dress. This is clear from the fact that Mabel does not draw attention to their clothes. The men are focused on conversation and are obviously considered superior enough to judge the women’s dresses. Mabel is from a lower social and economic strata than the other women at Mrs. Dalloway’s party. She cannot afford a fashionable new dress because that â€Å"meant thirty guineas at least† (2). She comes from a poor background, â€Å"being one of a family of ten; never having money enough, always skimping and paring† (9). She is married to a law clerk and manages â€Å"tolerably in a smallish house, without proper maids† (10). She is dependent on her husband’s income. Her financial constraints contribute towards her feelings of inferiority and insecurity. She attempts to meet the social conventions by mingling with the other party guests, but is tortured by feelings of alienation. In an age in which women are judged not for their personal worth, but largely by their dress, Mabel Waring remains an outsider at the party, as her dress does not conform to the accepted standards of

Movie Review The Color Purple Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Color Purple - Movie Review Example Celie spends her time cooking and cleaning, caring for Albert's children, and putting up with Albert's father whom Albert all but worships and Celie hates. Celie makes a friend in tough Sophie, a young girl who marries a Harpo, a dapper young man. Even though Harpo's father is against the marriage, Sophie wins the battle and they are married in the small church. Sophie and Harpo squabble over who is the boss of the house, and one day when Celie is working in the yard, Harpo asks her how he should control Sophie. She tells him the only thing she knows: "Beat her." After Sophie bawls Celie out for the advice and Harpo shows up with a black eye, Sophie leaves Harpo for something better. Celie wishes she could leave like that, but she knows Albert would likely kill her if she even thought about it. Celie often thinks of Nettie, who had taught her how to read and write, since Nettie had gone to school and Celie did not. Unknown to Celie, Nettie was writing her letters, which she never saw but asked for often when the post was delivered. When Celie went to town, she often thought she saw her baby girl, whom she had named Olivia.

Ocean Park Of Hong Kong

Ocean Park Of Hong Kong This report is about Ocean Park of Hong Kong one of the largest amusement ocean park in the Orient and even in the world. In this report we are going to cover such topic as strategy concepts of Ocean Park, external and internal environment of organisation and its corporate, business-level and international strategy. On base of data collected well give our recommendation and advice to CEO and Board of Ocean Park of Hong Kong about Parks strategy to the next 10 years (from 2005 to 2015). The main aim of this report is to provide in-depth strategic analysis to CEO and Board members. Thus, this work is focused on challenges, opportunities and threats of organisation, its culture and economic aspects, strengths and weaknesses of organisation, core competency of ocean park in order to help to improve it in anticipation of arrival of Hong Kong Disneyland. Strategy concepts and vocabulary -Mission (Strategic purpose, not specified) Ocean Park provides all guests with memorable experiences that combine entertainment and education, while inspiring life long learning and conservation advocacy. Our aim is to maintain a healthy financial status, while striving to deliver the highest standards of safety, animal care, products and guest service.http://www.oceanpark.com.hk/html/en/footer/corporate-information/vision.html -create all activities for perfect family holiday -increase involvements of visitors in environmental issues and lives of animals -Goals and objectives to fulfill its mission Boost the number of annual visitors from four million in 2004 to five million by 2010 To make a 0,5 per cent contribution to Hong Kongs gross domestic product (GDP) in 2010 (page 7) -Vision (More specified) http://www.oceanpark.com.hk/html/en/footer/corporate-information/vision.htmlOcean Park aspires to be a world leader in providing excellent guest experiences in a theme park environment connecting people with nature Become number one marine-based park for each family not only from Hong-Kong but also from mainland China. To be main attraction for all tourists, who visit Hong-Kong -What performance measures would you use to determine the success of Ocean Park? -It is the hometown favorite. It had been a long-time favorite of several generations ((its been operated for more 28 years). Many local people were sympathetic to Ocean Park. People who had visited the park as children were now bringing their own children to visit the park. Its reputation even extended into mainland China. It had become a fixture of Hong Kongs cultural heritage. (p.5) -The number of visitors in 2004 is 4 m of people (with daily maximum capacity 35,000 people). -Total revenue in 2004 was 536, 2 HK$ m comparing to 428,3 HK$ m in 2003, surplus for 2004 year was 95,7 HK$ m comparing to deficit 4,1 HK$ m in 2003. recognizability of new brand (Whiskers became a household name in Hong Kong) -Who are the various stakeholders in Ocean Park organization (how might they impact on its purpose and mission)? Stakeholders, who help to achieve parks purpose and mission: Hong Kong government, Home Affairs Bureau and the Tourism Board, employees of Ocean Park corporation, its visitors (customers). Interfere with achieving parks purpose and mission: Activist groups (certain environmental groups and animal rights activists) forbid of buying and transportation exotic animals to park, trade associations and unions (bus companies and taxi drivers) forbid in building a mass transit railway (MTR), competitors regain market share. External Environment -Conduct a PESTEL analysis for Ocean Park, identify the key driving forces for change facing Ocean Park; Rank key driving forces based on their predictability and potential impact on Ocean Park, then develop some scenarios and identify implications of these scenarios for Ocean Park. PESTEL: Political: Government support Improving relationship between Hong Kong and Mainland China Promotion of tourism the easiness of the restrictions and promotion of the free travel of China in 2003 that helped to inject a new life to the tourism industry of Hong Kong environmental law Economic: Growth and development of the global amusement park industry Disneylands arrival Increasing number of mainland visitors Increasing standards of living in midland China Raise and spend HK$5.55 billion Social: Major events and activities (peak seasons and holiday themes: Chinese New Year, Easter Holiday, Summer Holiday, Halloween and Christmas) Media, advertisement and publicity, required for these special events Change of demographic (Population growth rate, age distribution, size of families) Increasing the cost of labor and more guarantees for employees Negative affect of Outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) outcome Technological: Development of the amusement machinery industry Increasing popularity of new technologies for consumers (internet, mobile, digital camera) Amortization of park equipment Developing of new transport system (for example, a mass transit railway (MTR)) Research and development activities (creating of new park amusement) Environmental: Opposition from certain environmental groups about the importation of wild animals to Ocean Park Expenses on maintenance of exotic animals Protests of animal rights activists against relocation of animals Climate change (rain season in spring, hot in summer, typhoons in summer) Legal: Approval of Town Planning Board for hotel, Legislative Council for MTR station. Restrictions on mergers Employment laws Key driving forces and their ranking : 1)Global changing in tourism for Hong-Kong and Asia-Pacific region (development of tourism in region) 2)Raise and spend HK$5.55 billion from private and government loans to revamp parks well-worn product line (approval of development plan) 3)Disneylands arrival worldwide success of main competitor-Disneyland, coming to Hong Kong (Disneys success or failure) Binary table of scenarios for Ocean Parks key drivers (in decreasing order of their impact on park): Development of tourism in region Approval of development plan Disneys failure Scenario + + + Successful scenario + + + + Middle scenario + + + + + Failure scenario -Define Ocean Parks industry and conduct a five forces analysis: Which are the dominant forces in the industry? How may the five forces change? What are the underlying dynamics which are driving these five forces, and how may the five forces change? What are the impacts on key competitors and on Ocean Park? What can be done to influence the impact of the five forces? Five forces analysis for amusement park industry: 1) Threat of New Entry In terms of the amusement park industry, the entry barrier is high due to the need to invest large amount of financial resources (for park equipment, human resources maintenance), a lot of time required for parks planning, construction, development and launching, a lot of licenses and legalization required (safety, sanitary, security etc.). In addition to the amusement park required land for a full scale development. This factor is important because Hong Kong has a high land price real estate market. Re-write in own words!!!!! 2) Threat of Rivalry: It is important to consider that with lack of differentiation, visitors choice will greatly over the price and service, thus causes pressure for the intense price and service competition. Due to high threat of rivalry, Ocean Park is implementing different plans and activities such as redevelopment and introduction of new attractions in order to catch the attention of the visitors and differentiate themselves from rivals. There are no rivals with exactly the same range of products. Disneys arrival is only expected. Re-write in own words!!!!! 3) Threat of Substitution: (where this information from I like this point!)) The main threat of substitution is Hong Kong Disneyland Wetland Park, a new international theme park and an educational park (Appendix 2) Apart from this, there are other forms of substitution. From the education side, Hong Kong residents can switch to go to Cultural Centre, Mai Po Wetland, Hong Kong Zoological and Botanical Garden. For entertainment purpose, they can visit the Karaoke, Cinema, Game Centre, or have a day trip to China. 4) Bargaining power of buyers (visitors): (where this information from I like this point!) -Tourists Tourists have a low bargaining power as long as must see image successfully built-up and the Park cannot be replaced by other substitutes. Therefore, Ocean Park focuses to build up this image especially in Asia. Local residents The buying power of local resident is high since they have many choices as mentioned above. The switching cost is relatively low. Also, Hong Kong people like new experience and their loyalty to the product are generally low. The Park, therefore, launched difference programs like Big Five events with difference theme each year to bring new excitement and experience to them. Besides, special discount in low season and year pass intent to attract 5) The power of suppliers. Suppliers have quite high power. Thus, construction elements of amusement rides are huge and complicated, thats why park is highly tied with supplier. Otherwise, this market is developed and the choice of suppliers is become greater now. While constructing buildings (hotels, etc) with particular contractor park cant easily change to another contractor because of high switching cost). The situation with the exotic animals is such as Ocean Park can buy in particular country only. Which are the dominant forces in the industry? The dominant forces in the industry are: rivalry, buyers and substitutes. How may the five forces change? Looking forward, the five forces will change in this way: -Rivalry will increase with Disneys arrival; -Buyer power will increase slightly; -Substitute threat will also increase; -Entry threat decrease dramatically; -Supplier power will also decrease. (Exhibit 2.5 p.72) What are the underlying dynamics which are driving these five forces? Aftermath of economic crises and increasing in number of suppliers will decrease supplier power. Disneys arrival decrease entry threat in entertainment park industry. Developing of new technologies will affect rising of substitutes. Also competitors with new technologies will gain (in this aspect Disney has an advantage) Disneys arrival increase demands in diversification of Ocean Parks products. Ticket price advantages (185 HK$ for adult ticket at Ocean Park compared to 295HK$ for the same ticket at Disney). The main rival (Disney) is also same market oriented (families with children). What are the impacts on key competitors and on Ocean Park? Five forces much more affect Wetland park Ocean Parks key competitor, located at the northern part of Tin Shui Wai, in Yuen Long than Ocean Park itself, because Wetland parks products are less differentiated. It has a 10,000m2 visitor centre, Wetland Interactive World, and a 60-hectare Wetland Reserve. (http://www.wetlandpark.com/en/aboutus/overview.asp). Arrival of other competitor Disney and its substitutes doesnt affect much Ocean Park because it has its its own niche. What can be done to influence the impact of the five forces? More differentiation of new products, directed mainly to Chinese native culture will affect rivalry, substitutes and buyers. Unique high-quality products and services also will influence buyers. For seeking suppliers big impact will have Internet and special web-sites with best quality of service, characteristics, recommendations and prices. Conduct a strategic group/space analysis for Ocean Park There are 2 key competitors for Ocean Park: First one is mentioned above Hong Kong Wetland Park. It is a conservation, education and tourism facility, consisted of large visitor centre, Wetland Interactive World and a Wetland Reserve. This park provided visitors with opportunities to observe wildlife, awareness and understanding the values of wetlands throughout the East Asian Region and beyond, wetlands conservation. So, its mainly about wetlands. The Hong Kong Wetland Park is also going to be a world-class ecotourism facility to serve both local residents and overseas tourists.(ttp://www.wetlandpark.com/en/aboutus/mission.asp) Compare to Disneyland and Ocean Park, Hong Kong Wetland Park has different facilities and product range (such as themed exhibition galleries, a theatre, a souvenir shop, an indoor play area), provide different services and thus, like Disney and Ocean Park, has its own niche. The range of facilities provided is the narrowest among 3 parks. Thus, Wetland Park cant meet demand of those visitors, who are looking for excitements and extreme pleasure, which can be found on a rides at 2 other parks. Who are the main visitors? Is it local or global? Is it has the lowest range of facilities than Ocean Park and Disney? Much lower prices. The second one arriving in a nearest future The Hong Kong Disneyland. After 28 years of operating as a near monopoly, Ocean Park would soon have to compete with one of the biggest names in the entertainment and theme park industry. Moreover, Disneyland targets the same group of parks customers families with children. It has well-known brand and reputation. Its the world leader in terms of entertainment. Several of Disneys characters (Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck and Winnie the Pooh) were household names all over the world, including in Hong Kong. Thus, Ocean Parks mascot, Whiskeys, appear lackluster by comparison. Image, which Disney company holds almost for a century (The Walt Disney Company was founded in 1923) and Disneyland itself (first park was opened in 1955) for half a century (compared to 28 years of Ocean park) helps to attract visitors not only from Hong Kong and midland China, but also from different part of the globe, especially those who are from the USA and Europe. Among other advantages of Disneyland are: location: it could be reached in just 10 minutes from Hong Kongs airport and less than 30 minutes from downtown Hong Kong. -at least 5.6 million people were expected to visit the Hong Kong Disneyland during its first year of operation (compared to 4 million of Ocean Park expected visitors). -the price claimed to be the least expensive among the five Disney amusement parks throughout the world. -the area of Disneyland is 310 acres compared to 215 acres of Ocean Park. -5 times greater investment than for Ocean Park. -Expected economic effectiveness is 3 billion more. -world-renowned innovation -high customer service standards Strategic groups within the entertainment and theme park industry in Hong Kong Broad Ocean Park Geographical Scope Global Product range Disneyland Narrow Wetland Park Local Conduct a market segment analysis for Ocean Park: How is the market segmented? How could it be segmented? Where would you position Ocean Parks products and services? Where would you position the competitors products? Ocean Park is a part of entertainment and theme industry. Its market is families with children. Disneyland future competitor applies to the same market. Despite this, Ocean Park has its own niche visitor from midland China. Internal Environment -What resources and capabilities does Ocean Park have? Resources (what a firm has): 1)Tangible: -financial suppliers of money (private and government loans) expected HK$5,6 billion investment; HK$145 billion economic effectiveness; surplus from operations in 2004 was HK$182,2 million on revenues of HK$536,2 million ; -physical Sea World, marine life and real animals:35 rides and attractions; 3 hotels; favorable and convenient location on the southern side of Hong Kong Island; wide range of new activities, such as the Abyss Turbo Drop thrill ride, seasonal and special events, popular water-related activities, interactive activities with animals, edutainment programs, successful Sea Jelly Spectacular and so on. 2)Intangible: long-time reputation of park with government, customers, -new brand sea lion named Whiskers; -cultural heritage of Hong Kong -great number of repeated visitors 3)Human: -37,100 employees, their skills and knowledge; -Thomas Mehrmann, new CEO of Ocean Park, and his previous experience at US-based Six Flags Corporation; Natural and wild life focus (Interactive activities with animals) Recreation and education Capabilities (what a firm can do) -New products, facilities and services development capability continually adding new features and attractions (such as: a new roller coaster, a subzero Ice Palace, 7.6 million liter aquarium with an underwater restaurant, extra 33 animals species, the number of rides doubled to 70), so, become a nearest future one of the best marine-based theme park with strong connection with nature; -Keeping park attractions fresh, novel and exciting, while minimizing costs; research and development, marketing and sales capabilities: plan to refurbish and rename Ocean Parks 2 major areas (the Lowland and the Highland), new hotels to be developed, including a five-star boutique, spa-type hotel this redevelopment plan would be completed in 2012!! recommendation part too!!, plan to open offices in the major urban areas of Guangzhou, Beijing and Shanghai to enhance promotional activities in Hong Kong and attract more mainland visitors -new incentive compensation, that linked employee compensation to the financial performance of park -What might be the competence of Ocean Park? Core competences resources and competences which are both valuable to customers and difficult to imitate -distinctive work culture, with its own norms and practices -local market loyalty -unique SmartFun Annual Pass program -cultural aspect (cultural heritage of Hong Kong), orientation on specific market segment-mainland Chinese visitors, -long-term reputation, distinct Chinese characteristics -powerful brand -customer trust -primary focus of OP on real nature and wildlife in contrast to Disneys strengths in cartoon characters, castles, virtual reality and fantasy -focused on education and the live animal attractions one of the key elements that will differentiate it from Hong Kong Disneyland when it opens in 2005. (from Echos articles) -cost and differentiation of product (continually adding new features and attractions as well as price advantage over Disney encouraged visitors to return to the park) -The aerial tram that takes visitors from the entrance side of the park over a hill to the rest of the attractions has become a Hong Kong tourism icon-is it still true (from Echos articles) Competitive advantage is explained by the distinctiveness of its resources and capabilities, by offering customers greater value by means of lower prices or greater benefits and service Competitive Advantages of Ocean Park over Disney: -long-time reputation, -hometown favorite, -cultural heritage of Hong Kong, orientation mostly on visitors from midland China -first-mover advantages -no need to engage in high-profile advertising and publicity, rely more on word-of-mouth -more diverse and wide range of products (including Sea World, marine life, real animals plus 35 rides and attractions) price advantage: the admission price for Disneyland is expected more than twice higher for child and one and a half higher for adult than price of Ocean park. And visitors from mainland China are very price sensitive. SmartFun Annual Pass program with unlimited admission to the park for its holders within a year, and discounted prices for food, souvenirs -Infrastructure 3 hotels had been constructed comparing to 2 at Disney. -orientation not only on entertainment, but also on education of visitors, differentiating by focusing on ecology and conservation issues -recognizable brand -In addition to all the American fun at the park, traditional Chinese holidays are still observed (Chinese New Year) -Disney has its characters, but we have flexibility to mix and match and bring in other entertainment (from Echos articles) -Does Ocean Park build its strategy on its resources, capabilities and competences? Yes. Importation of more species Water/Sea-related construction Hotel-better recreation -Are they sustainable? How can they be developed? Sustainable to some extent, but with some limitation. For example, it may face the opposition from environmental group. They cant relay only on resources, capabilities and competences-they need to be developed, innovated and refreshed, because they may begin to look dated and shabby for their visitors. SWOT Analysis Positive impact Negative impact Internal environment Strengths -Diversified and wide range of amusements (thrills, animals, seasonal and special events) -product line revamp -Highly linked with culture of mainland Chinese visitors, knows their demands and behavior -the main, oldest and most famous amusement park in the country (long-time reputation, hometown favorite), -cultural heritage of Hong Kong, -28 years of operating as a near monopoly -no need to engage in high-profile advertising and publicity, rely more on word-of-mouth -strong business connection to the local government (support from the government of Hong Kong and mainland China) -renovation of the parks brand image -mascot as a brand -previous experience of Thomas Mehrmann (new CEO of Ocean Park) in theme park industry (at US-based Six Flags Corporation) -local market loyalty -positive image of park Weaknesses -Located on a hills-hard to get to some riders-thats why visitors experienced rides only once. -different facilities are old and un-attractive and need renovation -a lot of activities depend on weather-ask Echo about it -no substantial capital investment External environment Opportunities -focusing on delivering mainland Chinas visitors as well as foreign visitors -development of new transportation South Island Line (when-check case-and ask Echo about it) that would cause convenience and fast access direct to the Park for the foreign and local visitors. -plan to build a mass transit railway (MTR) station to connect OP to the subway grid -the development and improvement of the amusement machinery can impact the services and features of the organization and its relationship to their foreign visitors. raise the standards of park with Disneyland arrival fostering sponsorships plan for building new hotels (boutique and spa-type) orientation on luxury tourism new market segment Threats -economical instability (such as the Asian financial crisis of 1999-2001, lasted for 3 difficult years for OP ), outbreak of different diseases, such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in 2003 (Both these factors can affect number of visitors and their buying behavior, worsening the park financial situation) -arrival of Disneyland Hong Kong -OP was situated on valuable real estate: it could be shut down and its land could be sold off for other recreational or commercial purposes. Recommendation p.6-7!!! (recommend to use this business connection for future purposes, such as building a subway line for the visitors (itll happen in 2007). Say, in 3 years Build a mass transit railway (MTR) station for connection to the subway grid. Till 2015) (recommend to start innovation process, it will take about 6 years). Say, in 5 years

British Empire Essay -- British English History

THE BRITISH EMPIRE The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for a time was the foremost global power. It was a product of the European age of discovery, which began with the maritime explorations of the 15th century, that sparked the era of the European colonial empires. By 1921, the British Empire held sway over a population of about 458 million people, approximately one-quarter of the world's population. It covered about 36.6 million km ² (14.2 million square miles), about a quarter of Earth's total land area. As a result, its legacy is widespread, in legal and governmental systems, economic practice, militarily, educational systems, sports, and in the global spread of the English language. At the peak of its power, it was often said that "the sun never sets on the British Empire" because its span across the globe ensured that the sun was always shining on at least one of its numerous colonies or subject nations. During the five decades following World War II, most of the territories of the Empire became independent. Many went on to join the Commonwealth of Nations, a free association of independent states. This astonishing empire was never undone in the way that the Roman Empire was: instead it dissolved peacefully, by mutual consent, and the British, apart from creating the world's largest empire, also had the privilege of being the only empire builders not to be destroyed in their far flung empire itself. ORIGINS UNDER ELIZABETH I The first moves by the British to establish an empire came during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1558-1603). Elizabeth was a far-sighted sovereign who financially supported the voyages of exploration, mainly through her favorite, Sir Francis Drake, who in 1580, became the first... ...FORMER OTTOMAN TERRITORY IN MIDDLE EAST The outcome of the First World War in 1919, saw the British Empire at its height: the Treaty of Versailles gave Britain most of the German Empire in Africa, while the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in the Middle East led to the British acquisition of Palestine and Iraq in 1918. DISSOLUTION OF THE EMPIRE AFTER WORLD WAR II The British Empire only finally started dissolving after the First World War, with the process being speeded up dramatically in the aftermath of the Second World War. The primary reason for the dissolution of the empire was economic and political rather than racial: after the Second World War, Britain was simply too impoverished to continue holding on to an empire created in a previous century, and it was easier to grant independence to the far flung colonies, especially when some of these turned violent.

Hydraulic Design of Small Hydro Plants

Version 2 STANDARDS/MANUALS/ GUIDELINES FOR SMALL HYDRO DEVELOPMENT Civil Works – Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants Lead Organization: Sponsor: Alternate Hydro Energy Center Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Ministry of New and Renewable Energy Govt. of India May 2011 AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011  Ã‚  1 1. GUIDELINES FOR HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF SMALL HYDRO PLANTS This section provides standards and guidelines on the design of the water conductor system.This system includes; head works and intake, feeder canal, desilter (if required), power canal or alternative conveyance structures (culverts, pipelines, tunnels, etc), forebay tank, penstock and surge tank (if required) up to the entry of the turbine, tailrace canal below the turbine and related ancillary works. 1. 1 HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF HEAD WORKS In general head works are composed of three structural components, diversion dam, intake and b ed load sluice. The functions of the head works are: Diversion of the required project flow from the river into the water conductor system.Control of sediment. Flood handling. Typically a head pond reservoir is formed upstream of the head works. This reservoir may be used to provide daily pondage in support of peaking operation or to provide the control volume necessary for turbine operation in the water level control mode. This latter case would apply where the penstock draws its water directly from the head pond. Sufficient volume must be provided to support these functions. There are three types of head works that are widely used on mini and small hydro projects, as below: Lateral intake head works Trench intake head worksReservoir / canal intakes Each type will be discussed in turn. 1. 1. 1 Head Works with Lateral Intakes (Small Hydro) Head works with lateral intakes are typically applied on rivers transporting significant amounts of sediment as bed load and in suspension. The f unctional objectives are: To divert bed-load away from the intake and flush downstream of the dam (the bed load flushing system should be operable in both continuous and intermittent modes). To decant relatively clean surface water into the intake. To arrest floating debris at intake trashracks for removal by manual raking.To safely discharge the design flood without causing unacceptable upstream flooding. AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011  Ã‚  2 The following site features promote favourable hydraulic conditions and should be considered during site selection: The intake should be located on the outside of a river bend (towards the end of the bend) to benefit from the spiral current in the river that moves clean surface water towards the intake and bed load away from the intake towards the centre of the river.The intake should be located at the head of a steeper section of the river. This will promote remo val of material flushed through the dam which may otherwise accumulate downstream of the flushing channel and impair its function. Satisfactory foundation conditions. Ideal site conditions are rare, thus design will require compromises between hydraulic requirements and constraints of site geology, accessibility etc. The following guidelines assume head works are located on a straight reach of a river. For important projects or unusual sites hydraulic model studies are recommended.A step by step design approach is recommended and design parameters are suggested for guidance in design and layout studies. Typical layouts are shown in Figures 2. 2. 1 to 2. 2. 3. 1. 1. 2 Data Required for design. The following data are required for design: Site hydrology report as stipulated in Section 1. 3 of this Standard giving: – Qp (plant flow) – Q100 (design flood flow, small hydro) – Q10 (design flood flow, mini hydro) (data on suspended sediment loads) – Cw – H -Q Curves (W. L. rating curves at diversion dam) Topographic mapping of the site including river bathymetry covering all head works structure sites.Site geology report. 1. 1. 3 Site Selection: Selection of the head works site is a practical decision which involves weighing of several factors including hydraulic desiderata (Section 2. 2. 1/1. 0), head optimization, foundation conditions, accessibility and constructability factors. Given the importance of intake design to the overall performance of the plant it is recommended that an experienced hydraulic engineer be consulted during studies on head works layout. 1. 1. 4 Determination of Key Elevations: AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011  Ã‚  3For the illustrative example: Qp = 10. 0 m3/s Determine V0 = 0. 5 Q0. 2 (= 0. 792, say 0. 80 m/s) (= 12. 5 m2) A0 = Q ? V0 A0 H= (= 1. 77 m, say 1. 80 m) 4 Assume L = 4H (= 7. 08 m, say 7. 0 m) ye = greater of 0. 5 yo o r 1. 5 m (= 1. 80m) yd = L. S (= 0. 28 m) NOL = Z0 + ye + yd + H NOL = 97. 5 + 1. 80 + 0. 28 + 1. 80 (=101. 38m, say 101. 50 m) Sill = NOL – H (= 99. 7m) Crest of weir or head pond NOL = 101. 5 m Height of weir = 4. 0 m These initial key elevations are preliminary and may have to be adjusted later as the design evolves. 1. 1. 5 Head Works LayoutThe entry to the intake should be aligned with the river bank to provide smooth approach conditions and minimize the occurrence of undesirable swirl. A guide wall acting as a transition between the river bank and the structure will usually be required. Intake hydraulics are enhanced if the intake face is slightly tilted into the flow. The orientation of the intake face depends on river bank topography, for straight river reaches the recommended values for tilt vary from 10o to 30o depending on the author. When this angle becomes too large the intake will attract excessive amounts of sediment and floating debris.It is recommended that t he sill level of the intake is kept sufficiently higher than the sill level of the under sluice. The under sluice should be located adjacent to the intake structure. AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011  Ã‚  4 For development of the head work plan, it is recommended that the following parameters be used for layout: Axis of intake should between 100 ° to 105 ° to axis of diversion structure The actual inclination may be finalized on the basis of model studies. Divide wall, if provided, should cover 80% to 100% of the intake.Assume flushing flow equal to twice project flow then estimate the width and height of the flushing gate from orifice formula,: Example should be in appendix. Qf = 0. 6 ? 0. 5W2 Where: Qf = flushing flow W = gate width H = gate height (= 0. 5W) Yo = normal flow depth as shown in 2. 2. 1. 1/2. 0 Sill should be straight and perpendicular to the flow direction. In the sample design (Fig. 2 . 2. 1. 1) the axis of the intake = 105 ° & Qf = 2. 0? 10. 0 = 20m3/s ? 20. 0 = 0. 6 ? 0. 5 W2 ? W = 2. 8 m (say 3. 0m) and H = 1. 5 m. 1. 1. 6 Flood Handling, MFL and Number of Gates.For small hydro a simple overflow diversion weir would be the preferred option if flood surcharge would not cause unacceptable upstream flooding. For purpose of illustration, the following design data are assumed (see Figure 2. 2. 2): Design flood, Q100 = 175 m3/s A review of reservoir topography indicated that over bank flooding would occur if the flood water level exceeded 103. 0 m. Select this water level as the MFL. This provides a flood surcharge (S) of 1. 20 m. Assume weir coefficients as below: Gate, Cw = 1. 70 – – – sill on slab at river bottom. Weir, Cw = 1. 0 – – – – – – -ogee profile. Assume gate W/H ratio = 1:2 H = 4. 0 m ? W = 4. 8 (say 5. 0 m) MFL. = NOL + 1. 50 (= 103. 0m) Qgate = Cw. W. (MFL – ZS)1.. 5 Qweir = Cw. L w. S1. 5 Capacity check for MFL = 103. 0 m No. of Length of Overflow QG Gates Section (m) (m3/s) 0 35. 0 0. 0 1 29. 0 109. 6 QW (m3/s) 82. 8 68. 6 QT (m3/s) 82. 8 178. 2 >175 AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011  Ã‚  5 Therefore one gate is sufficient. Where: MFL = Maximum flood level (m) NOL = Normal operating level (m) S = flood surcharge above NOL (m)W = width of gate (m) H = height of gate (m) ZS = elevation of gate sill (m) = weir coefficient (m0. 5s-1) Cw QG, QW, QT = gate, weir and total flows The flow capacity of the sediment flushing gate may also be included in calculating flood handling capacity. 1. 1. 7 Diversion structure and Spillway Plains Rivers: Stability of structures founded on alluvial foundations typical of plains rivers, is governed by the magnitude of the exit gradient. The critical gradient is approximately 1. 0 and shall be reduced by the following safety factors: Types of foundationS hingles / cobbles Coarse sand Fine sand Safety factor 5 6 7 Allowable Exit Gradient 0. 20 0. 167 0. 143 Also diversion structures on plains rivers will normally require stilling basins to dissipate the energy from the fall across the diversion structure before the water can be returned safely to the river. Design of diversion weirs and barrages on permeable foundation should follow IS 6966 (Part 1). Sample calculations in Chapter 12 of â€Å"Fundamentals of Irrigation Engineering† (Bharat Singh, 1983) explain determination of uplift pressure distributions and exit gradients.Further details on structural aspects of design are given in Section 2. 3. 3 of this Standard. Mountain Rivers: Bedrock is usually found at relatively shallow depths in mountain rivers permitting head works structures to be founded on rock. Also the beds of mountain rivers are often boulder paved and are much more resistant to erosion than plains rivers. Therefore there may be no need for a stilling basin. The engineer may consider impact blocks on the downstream apron or simply provide an angled lip at the downstream end of the apron to â€Å"flip† the flow away from the downstream end of the apron.A cut-off wall to bed rock of suitable depth should AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011  Ã‚  6 also be provided for added protection against undermining by scour. The head works structures would be designed as gravity structures with enough mass to resist flotation. For low structures height less than 2. 0 m anchors into sound bedrock may be used as the prime stabilization element in dam design. Stability and stress design shall be in accordance with requirements of Section 2. 3. 3 of this Standard. 1. 1. 8 Sediment Flushing Channel To be reviewedThe following approach is recommended for design of the flushing channel: Select flushing channel flow capacity (Qf) = 2? Qp Estimate maximum size of sediment ente ring the pocket from site data or from transport capacity of approaching flow and velocity. In case of diversion weir without gates assume sediment accumulation to be level with the weir crest. (Assume continuous flushing with 3? Qp entering the pocket, for this calculation). Establish entrance sill elevation and channel slope assuming an intermittent flushing mode (intake closed) with Qs = 2Qp, critical flow at the sill, supercritical flow downstream (FN ? 1. 0) and a reservoir operating level 0. 5m below NOL. Determine slope of channel to provide the required scouring velocity, using the following formula which incorporates a safety factor of 1. 5: i = 1. 50 io d 9/7 i0 = 0. 44 6 / 7 q Where: io = critical scouring velocity d = sediment size q = flow per unit width (m3/s per m) Verify that flow through pocket in continuous flushing mode (Qs = 3Qs) will be sub critical, if not lower entrance sill elevation further. Determine height of gate and gate opening based on depth of flow at gate location and corresponding gate width. Increase the above theoretical gate height by 0. 5 m to ensure unrestricted open channel flow through the gate for intermittent flushing mode and a flushing flow of 2 Qp. For initial design a width to height ratio of 2:1 for the flushing gate is suggested. 1. 1. 9 Intake/Head Regulator: In intake provides a transition between the river and the feeder canal. The main design objectives are to exclude bed-load and floating debris and to minimize head losses. The following parameters are recommended: Approach velocity at intake entrance (on gross area) 0. 20 Ve = 0. 5 Q p m / s For trashracks that are manually cleaned, V should not exceed 1. 0 m/s.AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011  Ã‚  7 Convergence of side walls 2. 5:1 with rate of increase in velocity not exceeding 0. 5 m/s per linear m. †¢ Height of sill above floor of flushing channel (ye) = greater of 1. 5 m or 50% flow depth. †¢ The floor of the transition should be sloped down as required to join the invert of the feeder canal. Check that the flow velocity in the transition is adequate to prevent deposition in the transition area. If sediment loads are very high consider installing a vortex silt ejector at the downstream end of the transition. Provide coarse trashracks to guard entry to the head gate. The trashrack would be designed to step floating debris such as trees, branches, wood on other floating objects. A clear spacing of 150 mm between bars is recommended. Trashrack detailed design should be in accordance with IS 11388. †¢ The invert of the feeder canal shall be determined taking into consideration head losses through the trashrack and form losses through the structure. Friction losses can be omitted as they are negligible: V2 Calculate form losses as: H L = 0. 3 2 2g Where: V2 = velocity at downstream end of contraction.Calculate trashrack losses as: 4/3 V2 ?t? H L = K f ? ? . Sin? . 2g ?b? Where: Kf = head loss factor (= 2. 42 assuming rectangular bars) T = thickness of bars (mm) B = clear bar spacing (mm) ? = angle of inclination to horizontal (degrees) V = approach velocity (m/s) 1. 1. 10 References on Lateral Intakes and Diversion Weirs. IS Standards Cited: IS 6966 (Part 1) IS 11388 USBR (1987) Singh, Bharat Nigam, P. S. Hydraulic Design of Barrages and Weirs – Guidelines Recommendations for Design of Trashracks for Intakes Design of Small Dams Fundamentals of Irrigation Engineering Nem Chand & Bros. Roorkee (1983) Handbook of Hydroelectric Engineering (Second edition) †¦.. pages 357 to 365 Nem Chand & Bros. – Roorkee (1985) 1. 1. 11 Other References: Bucher and Krumdieck Guidelines for the Design of Intake Structures for Small Hydro Schemes; Hydro ’88/3rd International Conference on Small Hydro, Cancun – Mexico. Bouvard, M. Mobile Barrages and Intakes on Sediment Transporting AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ C ivil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011  Ã‚  8 Razvan, E. 1. 2. Rivers; IAHR Monograph, A. A. Balkema – Rotterdam (1992) River Intakes and Diversion DamsElsevier, Amsterdam (1988) SEMI PERMANENT HEADWORKS (MINI HYDRO) For mini hydro projects the need to minimize capital cost of the head works is of prime importance. This issue poses the greatest challenge where the head works have to be constructed on alluvial foundations. This challenge is addressed by adoption of less rigorous standards and the application of simplified designs adapted to the skills available in remote areas. A typical layout is shown in Figure 2. 2. 3. 1. 2. 1 Design Parameters Hydraulic design should be based on the following design criteria: Plant flow Qp) = QT + QD Where: QT = total turbine flow (m3/s) QD = desilter flushing flow (= 0. 20 QT) m3/s QFC = feeder canal flow (= 1. 20 QT) m3/s QF = gravel flushing flow (= 2. 0 QP) Spillway design flow (SDF) = Q10 Where: Q10 = flood peak flow with ten year return period. 1. 2. 2 Layout ? To be reviewed Intake approach velocity = 1. 0 m/s Regulator gate W/H = 2 Flushing channel depth (HD) = 2H + W/3 Flushing channel minimum width = 1. 0 m Assumed flushing gate W/H = 2, determine H from orifice equation, as below: Q f = 0. 53? 2 H 2 . 2 gY1 Y1 = HD for design condition Where: W width of gate (m) H = height of gate (m) Yi = upstream depth (m) = depth of flushing channel (m) HD Select the next largest manufactures standard gate size above the calculated dimensions. 1. 2. 3 Weir AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011  Ã‚  9 Determine weir height to suit intake gate and flushing gate dimensions, as shown in Figure 2. 2. 3. For weirs founded on permeable foundations the necessary structure length to control failure by piping should be determined in accordance with Section 2. 2. 1/4. 1 of this Standard.A stepped arrangement is recommended for the downstream face of the weir to dissipate hydraulic energy. The height of the steps should not exceed 0. 5 m and the rise over run ratio should not less than 1/3, the stability of the weir cross-section design should be checked for flotation, over turning and sliding in accordance with Section 2. 3. 1. 1. 3 TRENCH INTAKES Trench intakes are intake structures located in the river bed that draw off flow through racks into a trench which conveys the flow into the project water conductor system. A characteristic of trench intakes is that they have minimum impact on river levels.Trench intakes are applied in situations where traditional headwork designs would be excessively expensive or result in objectionable rises in river levels. There are two quite different applications: on wide rivers and on mountainous streams, but the basic equations are the same for both types. The trench intake should be located in the main river channel and be of sufficient width to collect the design project flow including all flushing flows. If the length of the trench is less than the width of the river, cut off walls will be required into each bank to prevent the river from bypassing the structure.Trench weirs function best on weirs with slopes greater than 4%-5%, for flatter slopes diversion weirs should be considered. The spacing between racks is selected to prevent entry of bed load into the trench. The following terms are sometimes used in referring to trench intake designs. Trench weir, when the trench is installed in a raised embankment. †¢ Tyrolean or Caucasian intakes, when referring to trench intakes on †¢ mountainous streams. Features: AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011  Ã‚  10 1. 3. 2 Design ParametersThe following design parameters are suggested for the dimensioning of trench weirs. †¢ Design Flows: The following design flows are recommended: Bedload flushing flo w (from collector box) = 0. 2 QT †¢ Desilter flushing flow = 0. 2 QT †¢ Turbine flow = 1. 0 QT †¢ Total design flow †¢ = 1. 4 QT Dimensional Layout AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011  Ã‚  11 The following factors should be considered in determining the principal dimensions: length, breadth and depth of a trench weir: Minimum width (B)= 1. 25 m (to facilitate manual cleaning) Length should be compatible with river cross section. It is †¢ recommended that the trench be located across main river channel. Maximum width (B) ? 2. 50m. Trashrack bars longer than about 2. 50 m †¢ may require support as slenderness ratios become excessive. Invert of collector box should be kept a high as possible. †¢ †¢ Racks †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ The clear spacing between bars should be selected to prevent entry of bed-load particles that are too large to be conveniently handled by the flushing system. Generally designs are based on excluding particles greater than medium gravel size from (2 cm to 4 cm).A clear opening of 3. 0 cm is recommended for design. A slope across the rack should be provided to avoid accumulation of bed load on the racks. Slopes normally used vary from 0 ° to 20 °. Rectangular bars are recommended. Bar structural dimension shall be designed in accordance with Section 2. 2. 1/5. 0 of this Standard. An appropriate contraction coefficient should be selected as explained in the following sub-section. Assume 30% blockage. Spacing between racks is designed to prevent the entry of bedload but must also be strong enough to support superimposed loads from bedload accumulation, men and equipment.This issue is discussed further in Subsection 2. 2. 3 / 2. 0. 1. 3. 3 Hydraulic Design of Trench Intake The first step in hydraulic design is to decide the width of the trench intake bearing in mind the flow capacity required and the bathymetry of the river bed. The next step in hydraulic design is to determine the minimum trench breadth (B) that will capture the required design flow. The design approach assumes complete capture of river flow, which implies, that river flow is equal to plant flow for the design condition. Hydraulic design is based on the following assumptions: Constant specific energy across racks. †¢ Effective head on screen is equal to base pressure (depth) †¢ Approach velocity is subcritical with a critical section at the entry to the structure as shown in figure 2. 2. 3/1. The set of equations proposed is based on the method given by Lauterjung et al (1989). †¢ First calculate y1: AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011  Ã‚  12 2 y 1 = k. H0 3 – – – – – – – – – – – (1) Where: y1 = depth at upstream edge of rack Ho = the energy head of the approach ing flow k = an adjustment factor (m) m) (-) k is a function of inclination of the rack and can be determined from the following table: Values of k as a Function of Rack Slope (? ) Table: 2. 2. 1/1 ? = 0 ° 2 ° 4 ° 6 ° 8 ° 10 ° 12 ° k = 1. 000 0. 980 0. 961 0. 944 0. 927 0. 910 0. 894 ? = 14 ° 16 ° 18 ° 20 ° 22 ° 24 ° 26 ° k = 0. 879 0. 865 0. 851 0. 837 0. 852 0. 812 0. 800 Then calculate the breadth of the collector trench from the following equations (2) to (4) 1. 50 q – – – – – – – – – – – – – – (2) L= E1. E 2 C. cos? 3/2 . 2gy 1 Where: L = sloped length across collector trench (m) E1 = blockage factor E2 = Effective screen area = e/mC = contraction coefficient ? = slope of rack in degrees y1 = flow depth upstream from Equation 1. (m) q = unit flow entering intake (m3/s per m) e = clear distance between bars (cm or m) m = c/c spacing of bars (cm or m) Assu me E1 = 0. 3 (30%) blockage. â€Å"C† can be calculated from the following formula (as reported by Raudkivi) Rectangular bars: ?e? C = 0. 66 ? ? ?m? ?0. 16 ?m? .? ? ?h? 0. 13 Assume h = 0. 5 y1. This formula is valid for 3. 5> – – – – – – – – – – – – – (3) h e >0. 2 and 0. 15< < 0. 30 m m Finally, the required breadth (B) can be determined as below: B = L cos ? – – – – – – – – – – – – -(4) AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011  Ã‚  13 1. 3. 4 Hydraulic Design of Collector Trench Normally a sufficient slope on the invert of the trench is provided to ensure efficient flushing of bed-load particles that would otherwise accumulate on the invert of the trench. A suitable scouring slope can be estimated from the following equation: Ss = 0. 66 d 9 / 7 6/7 qo Where: d = sediment size (m) qo = flow per unit width (Q/B) at outlet of trench (m3/s per m) Ss = design slope of trench invert.The minimum depth of the trench at the upstream and is normally between 1. 0m to 1. 5 m, based on water depth plus a freeboard of 0. 3 m. For final design the flow profile should be computed for the design slope and the trench bottom profile confirmed or adjusted, as required. A step-by-step procedure for calculating the flow profile that is applicable to this problem can be found in Example 124, page 342-345 of â€Å"Open-Channel Hydraulics† by Ven. T. Chow (1959). In most cases the profile will be sub critical with control from the downstream (exit) end.A suitable starting point would be to assume critical flow depth at the exit of the trench. 1. 3. 5 Collector Chamber The trench terminates in a collector box. The collection box has two outlets, an intake to the water conductor system and a flushing pipe. The flushing pipe must be design with the capacity to flush the bed-load sediment entering from the trench, while the project flow is withdrawn via the intake. The bottom of the collection box must be designed to provide adequate submergence for the flushing pipe and intake to suppress undesirable vortices.The flushing pipe should be lower than the intake and the flushing pipe sized to handle the discharge of bed load. If the flushing pipe invert is below the outlet of the trench, the Engineer should consider steepening the trench invert. If the trench outlet invert is below the flushing pipe invert, the latter should be lowered to the elevation of the trench outlet or below. The deck of the collector box should be located above the design flood level to provide safe access to operate gates. AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011  Ã‚  14 1. 3. Flushing Pipe The flushing pipe should be designed to provide a high enough velocity to en train bed-load captured by the weir. A velocity of at least 3. 0 m/s should be provided. If possible, the outlet end of the pipe should be located a minimum of 1. 0m above the river bed level to provide energy to keep the outlet area free from accumulation of bed load that could block the pipeline. 1. 3. 7 References on Trench weirs CBIP, (2001): Manual on Planning and Design of Small Hydroelectric Scheme Lauterjung et al (1989): Planning of Intake Structures Freidrich Vieweg and Sohn, Braunswchweig – GermanyIAHR (1993): Hydraulic Structures Design Manual: Sedimentation: Exclusion and Removal of Sediment from Diverted Water. By: Arved J. Raudkivi Publisher: Taylor & Francis, New York. Chow (1959): Open- Channel Hydraulics Publisher: McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. 1. 4 RESERVOIR, CANAL AND PENSTOCK INTAKES The designs of reservoir, canal and penstock intakes are all based on the same principles. However, there are significant variations depending on whether an intake is a t the forebay reservoir of a run-of-river plant or at storage reservoir with large draw down or is for a power tunnel, etc.Examples of a variety of layouts can be fond in IS 9761 Hydropower Intakes – Criteria for Hydraulic Design or Guidelines for Design of Intakes for Hydropower Plants (ASCE, 1995). The features common to all designs are shown in the following sketch: AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011  Ã‚  15 The objectives of good design are: To prevent entry of floating debris. †¢ To avoid formation of air entraining vortices. †¢ To minimize hydraulic losses. †¢ 1. 4. 1 Control of floating debrisTo prevent the entry of debris a trashrack is placed at the entry to the intake. For small hydro plants the trashrack overall size is determined based on an approach velocity of 0. 75 m/s to 1. 0m/s to facilitate manual raking. Trashracks may be designed in panels that can be lowered into p lace in grooves provided in the intake walls or permanently attacked to anchors in the intake face. The trashracks should to sloped at 14 ° from the vertical (4V:1H) to facilitate raking. The spacing between bars is determined as a function of the spacing between turbine runner blades.IS 11388 Recommendations for Design of Trashracks for Intakes should be consulted for information about spacing between trashracks bars, structural design and vibration problems. Also, see Section 2. 2. 1/5 of this Standard. 1. 4. 2 Control of Vortices First of all the direction of approach velocity should be axial with respect the intake if at all possible. If flow approaches at a significant angle (greater than 45o) AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011  Ã‚  16 from axial these will be significant risk of vortex problems.In such a situation an experienced hydraulic engineer should be consulted and for important projects hydra ulic model studies may be required. For normal approach flow the submergence can be determined from the following formulae: S = 0. 725VD0. 5 S D V = submergence to the roof of the gate section (m) = diameter of penstock and height of gate (m) = velocity at gate for design flow. (m/s) Where: A recent paper by Raghavan and Ramachandran discusses the merits of various formulae for determining submergence (S). 1. 4. 3 Minimization of Head lossesHead losses are minimized by providing a streamlined transition between the entry section and gate section. Minimum losses will be produced when a streamlined bellmouth intake is used. For a bellmouth intake the transition section is formed with quadrants of ellipses as shown in the following sketch. The bellmouth type intake is preferred when ever the additional costs are economically justified. For smaller, mainly mini hydropower stations, simpler designs are often optimal as the cost of construction of curved concrete surfaces may not be offse t by the value of reduction in head losses.Details on the geometry of both types are given †¢ Bellmouth Intake Geometry Geometries for typical run-of-river intakes are shown below: A gate width to height of 0. 785 (D): 1. 00 (H) with H = D is recommended. This permits some reduction in the cost of gates without a significant sacrifice in hydraulic efficiency. There is a second transition between the gate and penstock, rectangular to circular. For a gate having H = D and W= 0. 785D the flow velocity at the gate will be equal to the velocity in the penstock so no further flow acceleration is produced in this section. A length for this transition of 1. x D should be satisfactory. AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011  Ã‚  17 The head loss co-efficient for this arrangement in Ki =0. 10 Details for layout of bell mouth transitions connecting to a sloping penstock are given in IS9761. †¢ Simplified layout (Mini-Hydro): For smaller/mini hydro projects intake design can be simplified by forming the transition in plane surfaces as shown below: The head loss for this design (Ki) = 0. 19V2/2g. AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011  Ã‚  18 . 4. 4. AIR VENT An air vent should be placed downstream of the head gate to facilitate air exchange between atmosphere and the penstock for the following conditions: †¢ Penstock filling when air will be expelled from the penstock as water enters. †¢ Penstock draining when air will enter the penstock to occupy the space previously filled by water. The air vent (pipe) must have an adequate cross section area to effectively handle these exchanges of air. The following design rules are recommended: Air vent area should the greater of the following values Where: (m3/s) AV = 0. 0 Ap or QT AV = 25. 0 (m2) AV = cross-section area of air vent pipe AP = cross-section area of penst ock (m2) QP = turbine rated flow ( ? QT of more than one turbine on the penstock) The air vent should exhaust to a safe location unoccupied by power company employees on the general public. 1. 4. 5 PENSTOCK FILLING A penstock should be filled slowly to avoid excessive and dangerous â€Å"blowback†. The recommended practice is to control filling rate via the head gate. The AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011  Ã‚  19 ead gate should not be opened more than 50 mm until the penstock is completely full. (This is sometime referred to as â€Å"cracking† the gate. ) 1. 4. 6 REFERENCES ON PENSTOCK INTAKES: †¢ 1. 4. 7 Indian Standard Cited. IS 9761: Hydropower Intakes – Criteria for Hydraulic Design OTHER REFERENCES †¢ Guidelines for Design of Intakes for Hydroelectric Plants ASCE, New York (1995) †¢ Validating the Design of an Intake Structure : By Narasimham Raghavan and M. K. Ram achandran, HRW – September 2007. †¢ Layman’s Guidebook European Small Hydro Association Brussels, Belgium (June 1998)Available on the internet. †¢ Vortices at Intakes By J. L. Gordon Water Power & Dam Construction April 1970 1. 5. TRASHRACKS AND SAFETY RACKS 1. 5. 1 Trashracks: Trashracks at penstock intakes for small hydro plants should be sloped at 4 V: 1H to facilitate manual raking and the approach velocity to the trashracks limited to 1. 0 m/s or less. Use of rectangular bars is normal practice for SHP’s. Support beams should be alignment with the flow direction to minimize hydraulic losses. Detailed trashrack design should be done in accordance with IS 11388. 1. 5. 2Safety Racks: Safety racks are required at tunnel and inverted siphon entries to prevent animals or people who may have fallen into the canal from being pulled into these submerged water ways. A clear spacing of 200 mm between bars is recommended. Other aspects of design should be in accordance with IS 11388. 1. 5. 3 References on Trashracks IS11388 – â€Å"Recommendations for Design of Trashracks for Intakes†. ASCE (1995) –â€Å"Guidelines for Design of Intakes for Hydroelectric Plants†. AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011  Ã‚  20 DRAWINGS:AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011  Ã‚  21 AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011  Ã‚  22 2. HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF WATERWAYS The waterways or water conduction system is the system of canals, aqueducts, tunnels, inverted siphons and pipelines connecting the head works with the forebay tank. This Section provides guidelines and norms for the hydraulic design of these structures. 2. 1 2. 1. 1 CANALS Canals for small hydro plants are typically constructed in masonry or reinforced co ncrete.Several typical cross section designs are shown below: AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011  Ã‚  23 Lined canals in earth, if required, should be designed in accordance with Indian Standard: IS 10430. A further division of canal types is based on function: – Feeder canal to connect the head regulator (intake) to the desilter – Power canal to connect the desilter to the Forebay tank. 2. 1. 2 Feeder Canals 2. 1. 2. 1 Feeder canal hydraulic design shall be based on the following criteria: = Turbine flow (QT) + Desilter flushing flow (QF).Design flow (Qd) AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011  Ã‚  24 2. 1. 2. 2 Scouring velocity: A sufficiently high velocity must be provided to prevent deposition of sediment within the canal. This (scouring) velocity can be determined from the following formulae: d 9/7 S C = 0. 66 6 / 7 n = 0. 015 q 1 1 ? VS = . R 2 / 3 . S C/ 2 n Where: Sc = Scouring slope d = Target sediment size (m) q = Flow per unit width (Q/W) (m/s/m) R = hydraulic radius (m) Vs = scouring velocity (m/s) n = Manning’s roughness coefficient 2. 1. 2. 3 Optimization:The optimum cross section dimensions, slope and velocity should be determined by economic analysis so as to minimize the total life time costs of capital, O&M and head losses (as capitalized value). The economic parameters for this analysis should be chosen in consultation with the appropriate regional, state or central power authorities these parameters include: – Discount rate (i) – Escalation rate(e) – Plant load factor – Service life in years (n) – Annual O+M for canal (% of capital cost) – Value of energy losses (Rs/kWh). Also see Section 1. 7 of this Standard. The selected design would be based on the highest of Vs or Voptimum. . 1. 2. 4 Freeboard: A freeboard allowance above the steady state design water level is required to contain water safely within the canal in event of power outages or floods. A minimum of 0. 5 m is recommended. 2. 1. 3 Power Canals: Power canal design shall be based on the following criteria a) Design flow = total turbine flow (QT) b) Power canal design should be based on optimization of dimensions, slope and velocity, as explained in the previous section. For mini-hydro plants Q < 2. 0 m3/s optimal geometric design dimensions for Type 1 (masonry construction) can be estimated by assuming a longitudinal slope of 0. 04 and a Manning’s n value of 0. 018. Masonry construction would normally be preferred for canals with widths (W) less than 2. 0 m (flow area = AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011  Ã‚  25 2. 0 m2). For larger canals with flow areas greater than 2. 0m2, a Type 3, box culvert design would be preferred – based on economic analysis. c) Fr eeboard: A freeboard allowance above the steady state design level is required to contain water safety within the canal in event of power outages. The waterway in most SHP’s terminates in a Forebay tank.This tank is normally equipped with an escape weir to discharge surplus water or an escape weir is provided near to the forebay tank. For mini-hydro plants a minimum freeboard of 0. 50 m is recommended. The adequacy of the above minimum freeboard should be verified for the following conditions: †¢ Maximum flow in the power canal co-incident with sudden outage of the plant. †¢ Design flow plus margins for leakage losses (+0. 02 to +0. 05 QT) and above rated operation (+ 0. 1QT). †¢ Characteristics of head regulator flow control. The freeboard allowance may be reduced to 0. 5 m after taking these factors into consideration. The maximum water level occurring in the forebay tank can be determined from the weir equation governing flow in the escape weir. 2. 1. 4 Reje ction Surge Designs which do not incorporate downstream escape weirs would be subject to the occurrence of a rejection surge in the canal on sudden turbine shutdown, giving above static water levels at the downstream end, reducing to the static level at the upstream (entry) end of the water way. Methods for evaluating water level changes due to a rejection surge are explained in Section 2. 2. 2 / 7. 0 of this Standard. . 2 AQUEDUCTS Aqueducts are typically required where feeder or power canals pass over a gully or side stream valley. If the length of the aqueduct is relatively short the same channel dimensions as for the canal can be retained and there would be no change in hydraulic design. For longer aqueducts design would be based on economic analysis subject to the proviso that flow remains sub critical with NF ? 0. 8 in the flume sections. The following sketch shows the principal dimension of aqueduct entry and exit transitions and flume section. AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design OfSmall Hydro Plants /May 2011  Ã‚  26 The changes in invert elevation across the entry and exit structures can be calculated by Bernouli’s equation as below: †¢ Entry transition – consider cross – section (1) and (2); V2 V2 Z 1 + D + 1 = Z 2 + d + 2 + hL 2g 2g and 2 †¢ b? V ? hL = 0. 10 ? 1 ? ?. 2 ? B ? 2g Z2 can be determined from the above equations, since all geometrical parameters are known. Flume – Sections (2) to (3) The slope of the flume section is determined from Manning’s equation 2 †¢ ? Vn ? ( S ) = ? 2 / 3 ? . A Manning’s n = 0. 018 is suggested for concrete channels. ?R ?Some designers increase this slope by 10% to provide a margin of safety on flow capacity of the flume. Exit transition – consider cross section (3) and (4): V2 V2 Z 3 + d + 3 = Z 4 + D + 4 + hL 2g 2g AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011  Ã‚  27 and 2 b? V ? hL = 0. 20 ? 1 ? ?. 3 ? B ? 2g Z4 can be determined from the above equations, since all geometrical parameters are known. The same basic geometry can be adapted for transition between trapezoidal canals sections and rectangular flume section, using mean flow width (B) = A/D. . 3. INVERTED SYPHONS 2. 3. 1 Inverted syphons are used where it is more economical to route the waterway underneath an obstacle. The inverted syphon is made up of the following components: †¢ Entry structure †¢ Syphon barrels †¢ Exit structure †¢ Entry Structure: Hydraulic design of the entry structure is similar to the design of reservoir, canal and penstock intakes. Follow the guidelines given in Section 2. 2. 2/2. of this Standard. †¢ Syphon barrels: The syphon barrel dimensions are normally determined by optimization ? V? ? does not tudies, with the proviso that the Froude Number ? N F = ? gd ? ? ? exceed 0. 8. Invert elevations are determine d by accounting for head losses from entry to exit of the structure using Bernouli’s equation. For reinforced concrete channels a Manning’s â€Å"n† value of 0. 018 is recommended. The head loss coefficients for mitre bends can be determined from USACE HDC 228. 2. AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011  Ã‚  28 AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011  Ã‚  29 Exit structure: The exit structure is designed as a diverging transition to minimize head losses; the design is similar to the outlet transition from flume to canal as discussed in Subsection 2. 2. 2/2 of this Standard. The following sketches show the layout of a typical inverted siphon. AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011  Ã‚  30 2. 3. 2 Reference on Aqueducts and Inverted Syphons â€Å"Hyd raulic Structures† By C. D. Smith University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon (SK) Canada 2. 4. LOW PRESSURE PIPELINESLow pressure pipelines may be employed as an alternative to pressurized box culverts, aqueducts or inverted syphons. Concrete, plastic and steel pipes are suitable depending on site conditions and economics. Steel pipe is often an attractive alternative in place of concrete aqueducts in the form of pipe bridges, since relatively large diameter pipe possesses significant inherent structural strength. Steel pipe (with stiffening rings, as necessary), concrete and plastic pipe also have significant resistance against external pressure, if buried, and offer alternatives to inverted syphons of reinforced concrete construction.Generally pressurized flow is preferred. The pipe profile should be chosen so that pressure is positive through out. If there is a high point in the line that could trap air on filling an air bleeder valve should be provided. Otherwise, hydraulic desi gn for low pressure pipelines is similar to the requirements for inverted syphons. The choice of type of design; low pressure pipeline land pipeline material), inverted syphon or aqueduct, depends on economic and constructability considerations, in the context of a given SHP. Manning’s â€Å"n† Values for selected Pipe Materials Material Welded Steel Polyethylene (HDPE) Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC)Asbestos Cement Cast iron Ductile iron Precast concrete pipe Manning’s â€Å"n† 0. 012 0. 009 0. 009 0. 011 0. 014 0. 015 0. 013(2) Note: (1) From Table 5. 4 Layman’s Guide Book – ESHA (2) From Ven T. Chow – Open Channel Hydraulics AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011  Ã‚  31 2. 5. TUNNELS 2. 5. 1 Tunnels often provide an appropriate solution for water conveyance in mountainous areas. Tunnels for SHP are generally of two types. †¢ Unlined tunnels †¢ Concrete li ned tunnels On SHP tunnels are usually used as part of the water ways system and not subject to high pressures. . 5. 2 Unlined tunnels: Unlined water tunnels can be used in areas of favourable geology where the following criteria are satisfied: a) Rock mass is adequately water tight. Rock surfaces are sound and not vulnerable to erosion (or erodible zones b) are suitably protected. The static water pressure does not exceed the magnitude of the minor field c) rock stress. Controlled perimeter blasting is recommended in order to minimize over break and produce sound rock surfaces. Additionally, this construction approach tends to produce relatively uniform surfaces and minimizes the hydraulic roughness of the completed tunnel surfaces.Design velocities of 1. 5 to 2. 0 m/s on the mean AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011  Ã‚  32 cross section area give optimal cross section design. It is normal practice to provi de a 100mm thick reinforced concrete pavement over leveled and compacted tunnel muck in the invent of the tunnel. IS 4880: Part 3 provides additional guidance on the hydraulic design of tunnels and on the selection of appropriate Manning’s â€Å"n† values. 2. 5. 3 Lined Tunnels Where geological are unfavourable it is often necessary to provide concrete linings for support of rock surfaces.IS4880: Parts 1-7 give comprehensive guidelines on the design of lined tunnels. 2. 5. 4 High Pressure Tunnels Design of high pressure tunnels is not covered in this standard. For high pressure design, if required, the designer should consult an experienced geotechnical engineer or engineering geologist. For the purpose of this standard, high pressure design is defined as tunnels subject to water pressures in excess of 10m relative to the crown of the tunnels. 2. 5. 5 Reference on Tunnels IS Standards: IS 4880 â€Å"Code of Practice for the Design of Tunnels Conveying Water†. Ot her References: Norwegian Hydropower Tunnelling† (Third volume of collected papers) Norwegian Tunneling Society Trondheim, Norway. www. tunnel. no Notably: Development of Unlined Pressure Shafts and Tunnels in Norway, by Einar Broch. 2. 6. CULVERTS AND CROSS-DRAINAGE WORKS Small hydro projects constructed in hilly areas usually include a lengthy power canal routed along a hillside contour. Lateral inflows from streams and gullies intercepted by SHP canals often transport large sediments loads which must be prevented from entering the canal. The first line of defense is the canal upstream ditch which intercepts local lateral runoff.The flow in these chains must be periodically discharged or the drain capacity will be exceeded. Flow from these drains is usually evacuated via culverts passing underneath the canal. These culverts would normally be located where gullies or streams cross the canal alignment. The capacity of canal ditches should be decided taking into consideration t he average distance between culverts. In the rare cases when distance between culverts is excessive, consideration should be given to diverting AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011  Ã‚  33 itch flows across the canal in flumes or half round pipes to discharge over the downhill side of the canal at suitable locations. Culverts are usually required where the canal route crosses gullies or streams. Culverts at these points provide for flow separation between lateral inflows and canal inflows and often present the most economical solution for crossing small but steep valley locations. It is recommended that culverts design be based on the following hydrological criteria. †¢ For mini hydro projects, 1 in 10 year flood (Q10) †¢ For small hydro projects, 1 in 25 year flood (Q25)Where it is practical to extract the necessary basin parameters, the procedures given in Section 1. 4 should be applied. Otherwise design flows should be estimated from field measurements of cross section area and longitudinal slope at representative cross section of the gully or side stream. A survivable design approach is further recommended with canal walls strengthened to allow local over topping without damage to the canal integrity when floods exceed the design flood values. Detailed hydraulic design should be based on information from reliable texts or design guidelines – such as: â€Å"Design of Small Bridges and Culverts† Goverdhanlal †¢ †¢ 2. 7 2. 7. 1 â€Å"Engineering and Design – Drainage and Erosion Control†. Engineering Manual EM 1110-3-136 U. S. Army Corps of Engineers (1984) www. usace. army. mil/publications/eng-manuals Manufacturer’s guides, notably: – American Concrete Pipe Association www. concrete-pipe. org – Corrugated Steel Pipe Institute www. cspi. ca Power Canal Surges Power canals that are not provided with escape weirs near their downstream end will be subject to canal surges on rapid load rejections or load additions.The rejection surge will typically cause the downstream water level to rise above static level and may control the design of canal freeboard. For load additions there is a risk that the level will fall to critical at the downstream end and restrict the rate at which load can be taken on by the unit. The following formulae taken from IS 7916: 1992 can be used to estimate the magnitude of canal surges. AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011  Ã‚  34 Maximum surge height in a power channel due to load rejection may be calculated from the empirical formulae given below:For abrupt closure hmax = K 2 + 2 Kh For gradual closure within the period required for the first wave to travel twice the length of the channel: K hmax = + V . h / g 2 Where: hmax = maximum surge wave height, K = V2/2g = velocity head, V = mean velocity of flow, and area of cross sec tion h = effective depth = top width †¢ Maximum water level resulting from a rejection surge at the downstream of a canal: Maximum W. L. = Yo + hmax †¢ Minimum water level resulting from by a start up surge at the downstream end of a canal: Minimum W. L. = YS – hmax Where: Yo YS = steady state downstream water level static downstream water level. The maximum water level profile can be approximated by a straight line joining the maximum downstream water level to the reservoir level. 2. 7. 2 Canal Surges on Complex Waterways: For waterway systems comprising several different water conductor types, the above equations are not applicable. In such cases a more detailed type of analysis will be required. The U. S. National Weather Service FLDWAV computer program can be used to solved for the transient flow conditions in such cases (Helwig, 2002). 2. 7. 3 References IS Standards cited:IS 7916: 1992 â€Å"Open Channel – Code of Practiceà ¢â‚¬ . Other References â€Å"Application of FLDWAV(Floodwave) Computer Model to Solve for Power Canal Rejection Wave for Simple and Complex Cases†. P. C. Helwig Canadian Society for Civil Engineering Proceedings, Annual Conference Montreal, Canada (2002). AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011  Ã‚  35 3. HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF DESILTERS 3. 1 BACKGROUND Sediment transported in the flow, especially particles of hard materials such as quartz, can be harmful to turbine components.The severity of damage to equipment is a function of several variables, notably: sediment size, sediment hardness, particle shape, sediment concentration and plant head. The control of turbine wear problems due to silt erosion requires a comprehensive design approach in which sediment properties, turbine mechanical and hydraulic design, material selection and features to facilitate equipment maintenance are all considered (Naidu, 200 4). Accordingly the design parameters for desilter design should be made in consultation with the mechanical designers and turbine manufacturer.Where the risk of damage is judged to be high a settling basin (or desilter) should be constructed in the plant waterway to remove particles, greater than a selected target size. 3. 1. 1 Need The first design decision is to determine whether the sediment load in the river of interest is sufficiently high to merit construction of a desilter. There is little guidance available on this topic; however, the following limits are suggested by Naidu (2004): Table 2. 2. 3/1. 0 Concentration Suggested Maximum Allowable Sediment versus Plant Head. Parameter Head Maximum allowable sediment concentrationLow and Medium Head Turbines ? 150 m High Head Turbines > 150 m 200 ppm 150 ppm 3. 1. 2 Removal Size There are also considerable divergences of opinion on the selection of design size for sediment removal. Nozaki (1985) suggests a size range of between 0. 3 mm to 0. 6 mm for plant heads ranging from 100 m to 300 m. Indian practice is to design for a particles size of 0. 20 m regardless of head. Some authors suggest that removal of particles smaller than 0. 20 mm is not practical. The adoption of 0. 20 mm is the design (target) sediment size is recommended for Indian SHP designs.AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011  Ã‚  36 3. 1. 3 Types of Desilters There are two basic types of desilters: Continuous flushing type Intermittent flushing type Guidelines for design of both types are given in this section. 3. 2. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 3. 2. 1 Data Requirements (Small Hydro Plants) It is recommended that a program of suspended sediment sampling be initiated near the intake site from an early stage during site investigations to ensure that sufficient data is available for design.The sampling program should extend through the entire rainy season and should comprise at least two readings daily. On glacier fed rivers where diurnal flow variations may exist, the schedule of sampling should be adjusted to take this phenomenon into account and the scheduled sampling times be adjusted to coincide with the hour of peak daily flow with another sample taken about twelve hours later. While it is often assumed that sediment load is directly related to flow, this is only true on the average, in a statistical sense.In fact it is quite likely, that the peak sediment event of a year may be associated with a unique upstream event such as a major landslide into the river. Such events often account for a disproportionately large proportion of the annual sediment flow. Therefore, it would also be desirable to design the sediment measurement program to provide more detailed information about such events, basically to increase the sampling frequency to one sample per 1 or 2 hours at these times. A five year long sediment collecting program would be ideal. Less than o ne monsoon season of data is considered unsatisfactory.Some authors suggest that the vertical variation of sediment concentration and variations horizontally across the river be measured. However, on fast flowing rivers inherent turbulence should ensure uniform mixing and sampling at one representative point should be sufficient. The data collected in a sediment sampling program should include: †¢ Mean daily concentration of suspended sediment (average of two readings twelve hours apart) †¢ Water temperature †¢ Flow (from a related flow gauging program) The following additional information can then be derived from collected samples.AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011  Ã‚  37 †¢ †¢ †¢ A sediment rating curve (sediment concentration versus flow – where possible) Particle size gradation curve on combined sample Specific gravity of particles. It is also recommended that a pet rographic analysis be carried out to identify the component minerals of the sediment mix. It is likewise recommended that experiments be made on selected ranges of particles sizes to determine settling velocities. A further discussion on the subject of sediment sampling is given in Avery (1989)The characteristics of the sediment on a given river as obtained from a data collection program will assist in selection of appropriate design criteria. 3. 2. 2 Data Requirements (Mini Hydro Plants) On mini hydro projects where resources and time may not be available to undertake a comprehensive sampling program, selection of design parameters will depend to a great extent on engineering judgment, supplemented by observations on site and local information. The following regional formula by Garde and Kothyari (1985) can be used to support engineering decision making. 0. 19 ?P ? 0 Vs = 530. 0 P0. 6. Fe1. . S0. 25 Dd . 10 .? max ? ?P? Where Vs = mean sediment load in (tonnes/km2/year) s = average slope (m/m) Dd = drainage density, as total length of streams divided by catchment area (km/km2) P = mean annual precipitation (cm) Pmax = average precipitation for wettest month (cm) Fe = ground cover factor, as below: 1 Fe = [0. 80 AA + 0. 60 AG + 0. 30 AF + 0. 10 AW ] ? Ai = arable land area AA = grass land area (all in km2) AG AF = forested area AW = waste land area (bare rock) 3. 2. 3 Design Criteria The principle design criteria are: 1. The target size for removal (d): d = 0. 20 mm is recommended 2.Flushing flow: QF = 0. 2 QP is recommended 3. Total (design) flow: QT = QP + QF = 1. 2 QP. Where QP is plant flow capacity in (m3/s). AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ Civil Works – Guidelines For Hydraulic Design Of Small Hydro Plants /May 2011  Ã‚  38 3. 2. 4 Siting The following factors control site selection 1. A site along the water way of appropriate size and relatively level with respect to cross section topography 2. A site high enough above river level to provide adequate head for flushing. For preliminary layout a reference river level corresponding to the mean annual flood and minimum flushing head of 1. 0 m is recommended. In principle a desilting tank can be located anywhere along the water conductor system, upstream of the penstock intake. Sometimes it is convenient to locate the desilting basin at the downstream end of the waterway system where the desilter can also provide the functions of a forebay tank. However, a location as close to the head works is normally preferred, site topography permitting. 3. 3 Hydraulic Design A desilter is made up of the following elements: †¢ Inlet section Settling tank †¢ Outlet section †¢ †¢ Flushing system 3. 3. 1